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COMLEX Level 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

Cranial nerve pathways

A 
CNI → cribiform plate
CNII → optic canal
CNIII → superior orbital fissure
CNIV → superior orbital fissure
CNV1 → superior orbital fissure
CNV2 → foramen rotundum
CNV3 → foramen ovale
CNVI → superior orbital fissure
CNVII → internal auditory meatus
CNVIII → internal auditory meatus
CNIX → jugular foramen
CNX → jugular foramen
CNXI → jugular foramen
CNXII → hypoglossal canal
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2
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
CNI → olfactory
CNII → optic 
CNIII → oculomtor
CNIV → trochlear
CNV1 → trigeminal (ophthalmic)
CNV2 → trigeminal (maxillary)
CNV3 → trigeminal (mandibular)
CNVI → abducens
CNVII → facial
CNVIII → vestibulocochlear
CNIX → glossopharyngeal
CNX → vagus
CNXI → spinal accessory
CNXII → hypoglossal

Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girls vagina and hymen

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3
Q

Eye muscle innervations

A

III oculomotor → medial, sup, inf rectus, inf oblique
IV trochlear → superior oblique
VI abducens → lateral rectus

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4
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Middle meningeal artery

biconvex

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5
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Crescent shaped

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6
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

worst headache of my life

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7
Q

Middle cerebral artery stroke

A

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss

face and upper limb

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8
Q

Anterior cerebral artery stroke

A

contralateral paralysis and sensory loss

lower limb and urinary incontinence

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9
Q

Lenticulostriate artery stroke

A

contralateral paralysis

pure motor stroke

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10
Q

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) stroke

A

dysphagia, hoarseness, ↓ gag,
↓ pain and temp contralateral body, ipsilateral face
don’t PICA horse that can’t eat

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11
Q

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) stroke

A

paralysis of face

↓ pain and temp contralateral body, ipsilateral face

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12
Q

basilar artery stroke

A

Locked in syndrome (can only move eyes)

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13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Comprehensive
nonfluent, repetitive

broken speech = broca’s

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14
Q

Wernicke apahasia

A

Fluent
Poor comprehension, repetitive

Word salad = wernicke

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15
Q

Transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Fluent, not repetitive

Poor comprehension

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16
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia

A

Comprehensive

nonfluent, but not repetitive

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17
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Comprehensive and fluent

repetitive

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18
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Tremor (pill rolling)
Cog wheel rigidity
bradykinesia
Shuffling gait

↓ dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
Lewy bodies made of α-synuclein

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19
Q

Huntington disease

A 
Trinucleotide repeat of CAG
Aggression, depression, dementia
athetosis, chorea
↑ dopamine
↓ ACh and GABA
atrophy of caudate and putamen
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20
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Widespread cortical atrophy, particularly in the hippocampus

ß-amyloid plaques from amyloid precursor protein (APP)

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21
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

elderly patients

expansion of ventricles with normal pressure CSF

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22
Q

MS

A

autoimmune inflammation and demyelination of CNS
↑IgG in CSF
paraventricular plaques

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23
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

pes cavus, hammer toe, foot drop

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

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24
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A 
TSC1 (chromosome 9) or TSC2 (chromosome 16)
Harmartomas
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurg
Ash leaf spots
Rhabdomyoma
Mental retardation
Angiomyolipomas
Seiuzures
Shagreen patches
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25
Neurofibromatosis type I
``` NF1 (chromosome 17) cafe-au-lait spots mental retardation cutanous neurofibromas Lisch nodules (on iris) optic gliomas pheochromocytoma siezures bone lesions ```
26
Neurofibromatosis type II
``` NF2 (chromosome 22) all 2's bilateral vestibular schwannomas juvenile cataracts meningiomas ependymoma ``` 2 eyes, 2 eyes, 2 parts of brain
27
vin Hippel-Lindau disease
``` VHL (chromosome 3) Hemangioblastoma (brain, retina, spine) Angiomatosis Renal Cell carcinoma Pheochromocytoma HARP ```
28
Friedreich ataxia
``` trinucleotide repeat of GAA staggering gait, frequent falling DM hypertrophic cardiopmyopathy scoliosis ```
29
CN V lesion
jaw deviates toward
30
CN XII
tongue deviates toward (lick your wounds)
31
CN X
uvula deviates away
32
benzodiazepines
``` -pam, -lam ↑ GABA by ↑ frequency of Cl- channel opening Anxiety. panic status epilepticus (1st line acute) eclampsia ```
33
Carbamazepine
partial (focal) seizures and trigeminal neuralgia Blocks Na+ channels ``` AA: tons bone marrow suppression liver taratogen SIADH ataxia diplopia ```
34
Ethosuximide
``` Absence seizures (staring off, thinking "this sux") blocks Ca+2 channels (thalamic, T-Type) ```
35
Phenobarbital
↑ GABA by ↑ duration of Cl- channel opening | sedative for anxiety, seizures, insomnia
36
Phenytoin
Blocks Na+ channels First line for tonic-clonic seizures recurrent seizure prophylaxis in epilepsy ``` Hirsutism enlarged gums nystagmus yellow-brown gums teratogen osteopenia neuropathy SLE-like syndrome DRESS syndrome ```
37
Valproic acid
↑ Na+ channel inactivation ↑ GABA concentration first line for tonic-clonic seizures
38
Zolpidem, Zaleplon, esZopiclone
used for insomnia (Zzzzz...) | ↑ GABA (BZ1 receptor agonist)
39
Triptans
used for acute migraine, cluster headache | stimulate trigeminovascular seratonin receptors
40
Posterior cerebral artery stroke
contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
41
Bethanechol
Cholinomimetic | ↑ bladder smooth muscle
42
Carbachol
carbon copy of ACh constricts pupil ↓ IOP for open angle glaucoma
43
Pilocarpine
Cholinomimetic Open angle and closed angle glaucoma stimulates sweat, tears, saliva
44
Neostigmine
``` AChE inhibitor ↑ ACh relieves post-op ileus myasthenia gravis tx Neo = no CNS penetration ```
45
Physostigmine
AChE inhibitor ↑ ACh Phreely crosses BBB antidote for anti-cholinergic toxicity (atropine overdose)
46
Pyridostigmine
AChE inhibitor ↑ ACh gets RID of myasthenia gravis
47
Atropine
``` muscarinic antagonist ↑ body temp dry flushed skin constipation and urinary retention cycloplegia (hyperopia) dilated pupils disorientation ```
48
glycopyrrolate
muscarinic antagonist | GI and respiratory specific
49
Hyoscyamine
muscarinic antagonist | GI
50
dicyclomine
muscarinic antagonist | GI
51
Ipratroprium
Muscarinic antagonist | Respiratory
52
Tiotroprium
Muscarinic antagonist | Respiratory
53
Scopolamine
Muscarinic antagonist | CNS, motion sickness
54
oxybutynin
Muscarinic antagonist | Reduces urinary incontinence
55
solifenacin
Muscarinic antagonist | Reduces urinary incontinence
56
Tolterodine
Muscarinic antagonist | Reduces urinary incontinence
57
Benztropine
Muscarinic antagonist Parkinson disease prevents tremor and ridgidity
58
Bromocriptine
dopamine agonist | Parkinson disease
59
Amantadine
↑ dopamine release, ↓ reuptake | Parkinson disease
60
Levodopa/carbidopa
↑ brain dopamine inhibits peripheral conversion of L-Dopa → Dopamine, which cannot cross BBB (but L-dopa can) Parkinson disease
61
Selegiline, rasagiline
↓ dopamine breakdown inhibits MAO Parkinson disease
62
Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
AChE inhibitor | Alzheimer disease
63
Tetrabenazine
↓ dopamine release inhibits VMAT Huntington disease
64
inhaled anesthetics
-ane mechanism unknown can cause malignant hyperthermia
65
Thiopental
IV anesthetics, barbituate ↑ GABA short surgical procedures
66
Midazolam
IV anesthetic, benzodiazepine | ↑ GABA
67
Propofol
IV anesthetic ↑ GABA Rapid anesthesia induction short procedures, ICU sedation
68
Ketamine
IV anesthetic | NMDA receptor antagonist
69
Local anesthetics
-caine block Na+ channels esters → one i (procaine) amides → two i's (lidocaine)
70
Succinylcholine
strong ACh agonist Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug by causing sustained AP reversed with AChE inhibitors
71
Non-depolarizing neuromuscular drugs
-cur- (AtraCURium) ACh antagonist Reverse with neostigmine
72
baclofen
GABA agonist in spinal cord (backlofen) | used for muscle spasticity, MS
73
Cyclobenzaprine
``` used for muscle spasticity Centrally acting (brain stem) ```
74
Tramadol
slight opioid agonist + SNRI | used for chronic pain
75
Glaucoma meds
``` ß-blockers → ↓aqueous humor synthesis α-agonists → ↓aqueous humor synthesis - epi - brimoninidine, aproclonidine (α2) Prostaglandins → ↑outlfow (latanoprost) M3 → ↑outflow (pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine,) ```
76
Opioid MOA
close presynaptic Ca+2 channels | open postsynaptic K+ channels

COMLEX Level 1 (13 decks)

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