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3rd year psych > Neuro chapter 2 > Flashcards

Neuro chapter 2 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Brain tumors are also called ___

A

neoplasms

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2
Q

What is a meningioma?

A

Brain tumor encased in meninges

Usually benign

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3
Q

What is a neuroma?

A

A benign encapsulated tumor growing on a nerve

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4
Q

What is an infiltrating brain tumor?

A

Malignant tumors that grow diffusely through tissue.

Difficult to remove

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5
Q

What are metastatic tumors?

A

Tumors that originate elsewhere

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6
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A sudden-onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage

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7
Q

What is the infarct?

A

The dead or dying tissue at the area of the stroke

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8
Q

What is the penumbra?

A

The damaged tissue surrounding the infarct (immediate damage zone) in a stroke.

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9
Q

Which one is savable, the infarct or the penumbra?

A

The penumbra, with immediate attention

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10
Q

A hemorrhage causes __ % of strokes

A

13

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11
Q

What is a brain hemorrhage?

A

Blood vessel rupturing in the brain

The aneurysm is the weakened point in the blood vessel

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12
Q

What causes the damage of a brain hemorrhage?

A

Free floating blood breaks down, forming free radicals which degrade lipid membranes and damage DNA

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13
Q

Free radicals from cerebral hemorrhage

______ breaks down, forming ____ which reacts with iron to make ____ radicals

A

Oxyhemoglobin breaks down, forming hydrogen peroxide, which reacts with iron forming hydroxyl radicals

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14
Q

What is ischemia?

A

A disruption of blood supply to the brain (causes most strokes)

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15
Q

What are thrombosis?

A

Blood clots

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16
Q

What are embolisms?

A

Blood clots that form because a “plug” moves to block a smaller vessel

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17
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Thickening artery wall, usually from fat, causing an ischemia

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18
Q

What are brain stents?

A

Metal mesh that can open up an artery, cant use them in the brain

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19
Q

What is the expected damage of an ischemic stroke?

A

Slow time to develop
Depends on the brain area
Blood deprived brain regions release glutamate

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20
Q

What is the glutamate cascade in a stroke?

A

Dying cells release glutamate

Glutamate stimulates cells causing influx of Na and Ca2+

This kills cells

Dying cells release glutamate

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21
Q

How do you combat ischemic stroke damage?

A

Thrombolysis

Endovascular therapy

NMDA antagonists

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22
Q

What are closed head injuries?

A

Injuries that don’t penetrate the skull

Direct or contrecoup

Contusions, concussions

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23
Q

What are contusions?

A

Closed head injuries that involve bruises

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24
Q

What are concussions?

A

Closed head injury with no structural damage

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25
What is coup vs contrecoup injuries?
If I hit my head on a wall Coup = brain hitting front of skull Contrecoup = brain hitting back of skull after hitting front of skull
26
Symptoms of a concussion include:
Lack of consciousness (sometimes) Cognitive damage Somatic damage Affective damage Sleep issues
27
What is CTE
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Multiple concussions "Punch Drunk Syndrome"
28
What is proof of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
multiple concussions have lead to a 400% increase in neurodegenerative disorders in NFL players
29
What is encephalitis?
Inflammation of the brain from microorganisms.
30
What can cause encephalitis?
Bacteria Viruses Parasites Fungi
31
A brain abscess is a...
pocket of pus
32
Meningitis is a bacterial infection resulting in
Inflammation of the meninges
33
Abscesses and meningitis can be treated with
antibiotics
34
What is an example of a viral infection that attacks neural tissue?
Rabies
35
What are neurotoxins?
toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue
36
Exogenous neurotoxins are...
toxins that enter general circulation from the outside
37
Endogenous neurotoxins are...
toxins that originate from inside the body (glutamate in stroke victims is an endogenous neurotoxin
38
Lead, Mercury, and Venoms are examples of
exogenous neurotoxins
39
Toxic psychosis is
psychosis resulting from exposure to neurotoxins (lead/mercury poisoning)
40
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Involuntary motion caused by some antipsychotics An example of the effects of exogenous neurotoxins
41
What are genetic factors of brain damage rare and usually recessive?
Our monkey ancestors with down syndrome didn't live long or have kids
42
What is an example of a genetic brain damage condition?
Down syndrome Caused by extra chromosome 21
43
What are characteristics of down syndrome?
Health problems Intellectual disability Facial and musculoskeletal features
44
What is epilepsy?
A condition characterized by recurring seizures of endogenous origin.
45
What is the rate of epilepsy in the population?
4%
46
What causes epilepsy?
Brain damage Inflammation Genetic component
47
How do we diagnose epilepsy?
With an EEG Electroencephalogram
48
What does a seizure look like on an electroencephalogram (EEG)?
Bursts of high amplitude spikes of neuron activity
49
What are features of epilepsy?
There are subtle signs (mood, behavior, thoughts) and physical signs (convulsions, rigidity, or loss of consciousness
50
What are the 2 types of focal seizures?
Simple and complex seizures are the 2 types of focal seizures
51
What are the 2 types of general seizures?
Absence and Clonic-tonic seizures
52
What are different names for absence and clonic-tonic seizures respectively?
Petit mal and grand mal
53
Simple seizures are characterized by...
Sensory or motor symptoms usually, sometimes both
54
Simple seizures ____ through _____
Simple seizures spread through different brain regions
55
Complex seizures are restricted to the ____
Temporal lobe
56
Complex seizures cause patients to engage in....
Compulsive and repetitive simple behaviors. Almost normal behavior
57
Grand mal seizures are characterized by...
Loss of consciousness and convulsions.
58
Tonic stands for..
Rigidity
59
Clonic stands for...
Tremors
60
How can tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage?
They may result in hypoxia
61
Absence seizures are...
not associated with convulsions. Like spacing out for a few seconds but more serious
62
What are auras in epilepsy?
Peculiar subjective experiences that precede seizures (smell, feelings, hallucinations)
63
The nature of an epileptic seizure can suggest the...
brain region of the seizure
64
Parkinson's disease is a rare disease characterized by....
Dysfunctional motor capabilities (tremors, slow movement, reduced facial expression)
65
there is ____ cause of parkinson's
no single
66
Parkinson's is caused by degeneration of...
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
67
what is the result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra?
Loss of dopamine released in the striatum of the basal ganglia
68
Autopsies of Parkinson's patients reveals...
Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra
69
L-dopa helps with Parkinsons because it is a...
dopamine agonist
70
80% of cases of parkinson's are idiopathic meaning...
there is no specific known cause
71
The most common gene linked to parkinson's is...
PRKN gene
72
Genes that are less common causes of parkinson's are...
Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) Dardarin protein (LRRK2)
73
What is Alpha-synuclein gene?
The main component of lewy bodies, which contribute to parkinsons.
74
What is MPTP and what does it do?
MPTP = synthetic heroin Causes cell loss in the substantia nigra and reduced dopamine release in the striatum
75
What is huntington's disease?
Very rare progressive motor disorder, middle aged onset, caused by single dominant gene.
76
What makes huntington's disease special?
Huntington's disease is genetic and dominant, it sets in around 40 and kills within 15 years. It isn't curable
77
What is multiple sclerosis?
The progressive loss of CNS myelin Literally means multiple harending
78
What are symptoms of MS?
Muscle weakness, numbness, impaired motor coordination
79
Is there a cure to MS?
Not currently, but immunomodulators may slow progress
80
What are some potential causes of MS?
There is a genetic component Environment may play a role. (Lifestyle, infections, and climate can increase risk)
81
Corticosteroids help in the treatment of MS by:
reducing inflammation
82
Alzheimers is the most common cause of...
dimentia
83
Alzheimers is more common...
in women and as you get older
84
There is a high correlation between alzheimers rates and what condition?
down syndrome
85
A definitive diagnosis of alzheimers can only be given..
during an autopsy
86
What are the 3 stages of alzheimer's?
Preclinical phase Prodromal phase Dementia phase
87
What occurs in the preclinical phase of alzheimer's?
Some neuropathy presents itself but no symptoms begin to show
88
What occurs in the prodromal phase of Alzheimer's
Mild cognitive impairment begins to show Confusion, memory and attention issues
89
What occurs in the dementia stage of alzheimers?
serious memory and attention issues personality changes Massive neurological impairment (bladder control, motor control)
90
What are the 2 proteins that are related to the onset of alzheimers?
Tau and amyloid proteins
91
Tau proteins clump together ___ the cell
Inside the cell
92
Amyloid plaques (proteins) clump together ___ the cell
outside the cell
93
What can reduce the symptoms of alzheimers?
Acetylcholine (ACh) agonists help but do not cure it. Immunotherapy against amyloid proteins is promising
94
Is neural regeneration common in "higher" vertebrates?
No, its not observed in the CNS at all and is rarely observed in the PNS
95
Why is neural regeneration seen in PNS but not CNS?
PNS has schwann cells that promote neural regeneration. CNS has oligodendroglia which inhibit regeneration.
96
Neural reorganization can be a result of...
experience or damage
97
What is an example of neural reorganization in humans?
Blind people have larger auditory and somatosensory cortices.
98
Recovery from CNS damage is usually a result of _____ not ____ recovery
compensation not true recovery
99
Neurotransplantation of embryonic cells has had ____ success in humans for curing ____
very limited success in humans with curing parkinson's and spinal cord damage
100
Neurotransplantation of non-embryonic cells has shown...
Minimal success in humans, some success in axonal regeneration of rat spinal cord damage
101
What are 3 neuroprotective treatments?
Apoptosis inhibitor proteins Neurotrophins Estrogens
102
How do estrogens act as a neuroprotector?
They limit or delay neuron death
103
Rehabilitative training to treat spinal injuries often involves...
physiotherapy
104
What is Ramachandran's hypothesis of phantom limb pain?
The pain perceived by phantom limb sufferers is caused by reorganization of the somato-sensory cortex (pain comes from brain not from arm)
105
What does Ramachandran's hypothesis of phantom limb pain propose as a solution to phantom pain?
Amputees can get phantom pain relief from visual feedback

3rd year psych (4 decks)

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