Neuro Chapters 1

Question 1

What is brain plasticity?

Answer 1

The CNS changes through our entire life

Question 2

What is the order of neural plate induction (3 steps)

Answer 2

Neural plate -> Neural Groove -> Neural Tube

Question 3

What are the four types of stem cell differentiations?

Answer 3

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

Question 4

What are totipotent stem cells?

Answer 4

They can become any cell in the body

Question 5

What are pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 5

Stem cells that can become many but not all cell types

Question 6

What is the difference between totipotent and pluripotent cells?

Answer 6

Relocating a totipotent cell will form a new embryo (twin)

Relocating a multipotent cell will cause tissue formation in the wrong place

Question 7

What are multipotent stem cells?

Answer 7

Cells found in neural tube and neural crest.

Can only develop into certain cell types within a class

Question 8

What is neural proliferation?

Answer 8

An increase in total number of cells through growth and division

Question 9

When does neural proliferation peak?

Answer 9

When the neural tube closes.

Question 10

What are the 4 types of cell migration?

Answer 10

Radial

Tangential

Multipolar (both)

Chemically guided

Question 11

What molecules help with cell migration recognition and adhesion?

Answer 11

Cell adhesion molecules

Question 12

What is Kallmann syndrome?

Answer 12

Abnormal genitals and smell due to genetic mutations impacting CAM proteins.

Question 13

Where does axon growth cone start?

Answer 13

Axon growth cone

Question 14

What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?

Answer 14

Neurons make connections with their targets based on interactions with specific molecular markers

Question 15

What is the topographic gradient hypothesis?

Answer 15

Two intersecting gradients (up-down and left-right) of chemicals on the originating tissue guide axonal growth from one topographic array (such as a retina) to another (the optic tectum)

Question 16

What are the key cells in synaptogenesis?

Answer 16

Astrocytes

Question 17

Why are cells overproduced during proliferation?

Answer 17

Neurons that make incorrect connections die and accurate ones are kept alive.

Question 18

What is apoptosis vs necrosis?

Answer 18

Clean vs dirty cell death

Question 19

What are neurotrophins?

Answer 19

they regulate the development, maintenance, and function of the nervous systems

Question 20

What was the first neurotrophin to be isolated?

Answer 20

Nerve growth factor

Question 21

What are the key developing events of postnatal development? (4 events)

Answer 21

Dendritic Branching

Synaptogenesis

Myelination

Regressive changes (pruning)

Question 22

What is the last region of the brain to develop postnatal-ly?

Answer 22

Prefrontal cortex

Question 23

What is error perseveration?

Answer 23

Kids 7-12 months cant unlearn a learned response when its wrong

(candy in right hand, kid picks right hand, put candy in left hand, kid will keep picking right hand)

Question 24

When does error perseveration occur in adults?

Answer 24

When the frontal lobe isn’t functioning properly

Question 25

Why are adolescence more risky than adults?

Answer 25

They overvalue reward

Question 26

What are the chemical explanations for difference in behavior in teens?

Answer 26

Enhanced dopamine sensitivity Enhanced oxytocin sensitivity

Question 27

Where does adult neurogenesis take place?

Answer 27

Olfactory Bulb Dentate Gyrus

Question 28

What are the functions of neurogenesis in adults?

Answer 28

Memory formation Pattern separation (distinguish between memories) Adaptation and regulation

Question 29

What intrinsic factors promote neurogenesis in adults?

Answer 29

Hormones Injury Aging Neurotrophins

Question 30

What extrinsic factors promote adult neurogenesis

Answer 30

Environment Social interaction Diet Sleep

Question 31

What is the one potential use of cortical reorganization in adults?

Answer 31

Recovery from stroke

Question 32

What is autism disorder?

Answer 32

Occurs in 1/68 people Reduced capacity for social interaction Restricted/repetitive behavior 75% males

Question 33

Functions of autistic people can be...

Answer 33

Functions can be impaired, normal or improved

Question 34

What is usually preserved with autism?

Answer 34

Rote memory Musical ability Jigsaw puzzles?

Question 35

What is an autistic savant?

Answer 35

Autistic person with amazing cognitive or artistic ability

Question 36

What are examples of autistic savant activities?

Answer 36

Naming dates Number skills Musical talent Artistic talent

Question 37

Is autism genetic?

Answer 37

Maybe. 5% correlation in siblings 60% in MONOZYGOTIC twins 5% cases explained by a single genetic mutation

Question 38

Genetic factors ___ with the environment triggering autism

Answer 38

interact

Question 39

What is thalidomide?

Answer 39

Medication prescribed for morning sickness Caused birth defects, cognitive effects, and autism

Question 40

What are some neurological phenotype differences of people with autism?

Answer 40

Impaired face recognition Reduced activation of mirror neuron system

Question 41

What are the differences of brain growth in autistic people

Answer 41

Slower brain growth age 1-5 Faster brain growth age 6-14 Brain size is no different compared to normal persons brain by adolescence.

Question 42

what is the connection between oxytocin and Autism?

Answer 42

Kids with autism have reduced plasma oxytocin levels Oxytocin administration only helped some symptoms (eye contact, socialization, communication)

Question 43

What is Williams syndrome?

Answer 43

Occurs in 1-7500 people Very low IQ (<55) Amazing language ability, very sociable, usually musically talented

Question 44

Individuals with williams syndrome have ___ features

Answer 44

elf like

Question 45

Indicators of williams syndrome include:

Answer 45

Spatial cognition impairment Health problems, usually cardiac Emotional immaturity

Question 46

What is the genetic marker of williams syndrome?

Answer 46

Deletion of chromosome 7 Deletes the gene for elastin

Question 47

What percent of people with williams syndrome lack the elastin gene?

Answer 47

95%

Question 48

What are anatomical markers for williams syndrome?

Answer 48

Small occipital and parietal cortex Normal frontal and temporal cortex Changes in limbic system

Question 49

What can we learn from comparing autism and williams syndrome?

Answer 49

Autism is a somewhat common condition, sometimes an intellectual disability, linked to several genes Williams syndrome is a rare condition, linked to genes on chromosome 7, always an intellectual disability