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3rd year psych > Neuro Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Neuro Chapter 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 appetitive components of eating?

A

Foraging

Cost-benefit analysis

Diet

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2
Q

What are the 3 forms of energy storage in the body?

A

Body fat

Glycogen

Muscle

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of energy absorption?

A

Cephalic Phase

Absorptive Phase

Fasting Phase

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4
Q

What are the 2 pancreatic hormones that control metabolism?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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5
Q

Insulin is involved in which phases of metabolism?

A

Insulin is involved in Cephalic phase and absorptive phase

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6
Q

Glucagon is involved in which phase(s) of metabolism?

A

Glucagon is involved in Fasting phase

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7
Q

What is the set-point theory?

A

Set point argues that the body tries to maintain a set-point through hunger or metabolism

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8
Q

What is the Positive incentive theory of eating?

A
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9
Q

What is the glucostatic set point?

A

The set point of blood sugar that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (short term regulation of eating)

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10
Q

What is lipostatic set point

A

The set point of body fat that a set-point theory would argue our bodies maintain (long term regulation of eating)

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11
Q

How do set point and positive incentive theory interact?

A

Psychological and behavioral motivators for food can override each other.

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12
Q

What factors influence our eating?

A

What we’re eating

When we’re eating

How much we’re eating

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13
Q

Diets are ____ and _____

A

Innate and learned

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14
Q

Species-specific preferences and aversions exist based on…

A

the needs of the animal.

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15
Q

Humans prefer sweet and salty food because…

A

we need energy (sweet) and salt

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16
Q

Humans typically avoid sour and bitter food because…

A

Bitter food is often toxic

Sour food is a sign food is bad

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17
Q

Individual learned factors of what we eat are caused by…

A

personal experiences

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18
Q

Social learned factors of what we eat include…

A

Culture, and lactation

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19
Q

Humans innately seek salty food because…

A

Salt is a distinct flavor, we seek it when we are deficient

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20
Q

Vitamins are not innately sought out in diets because…

A

They have no distinctive flavor

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21
Q

If mechanisms for dieting exist, why do people eat like shit?

A

Decision making is complicated

Money

Culture emphasizes looks over health

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22
Q

Premeal hunger is a ____ response

A

conditioned response

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23
Q

What is woods theory of hunger?

A

Meals are a stressor which imbalance homeostasis

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24
Q

What region is associated with glucoprivation?

A

The brain, more specifically the brainstem detects glucoprivic hunger

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25
What region is associated with both glucoprivation and lipoprivation?
The liver is sensitive to both glucoprivic and lipoprivic hunger
26
Satiety is...
The motivational state that makes us stop eating
27
Short term satiety signals come from...
the GI tract
28
Long term satiety signals come from...
Adipose tissue (fat)
29
Blood glucose levels drop...
in anticipation of a meal, they are not the cause of the initial hunger
30
What are head factors of eating?
Eyes, nose, throat, tongue, learned through previous experiences
31
What are behavioral/psych factors that influence how much we eat?
Bigger serving size = eat more Group setting = eat more (sometimes) Eating tasty appetizer = eat more
32
Sensory specific satiety is...
the idea that we eat more when given options, we lose incentive value when we eat the same thing all the time
33
What did cannon and washburn prove about hunger?
Hunger pains are a result of stomach contractions
34
What role does the stomach play in satiety?
There is both a stomach volume factor and a nutrient factor
35
What is ghrelin?
A feeding enhancing hormone produced in stomach
36
When do ghrelin levels change?
Rise before eating, fall after eating
37
What role does the Liver and Vagus nerve play in hunger initiation?
Involved in hunger through recognizing glucoprivic and lopoprivic hunger symptoms
38
What role does the brain play in initiating hunger?
Brain has glucodetectors which recognize low blood glucose levels
39
What role does the stomach play in initiating eating?
Release of ghrelin from stomach promotes eating
40
What role does the stomach play in ending eating?
Stomach volume makes us stop eating
41
What role does the duodenum play in hunger inhibition?
cholecystokinin is released from the duodenum which inhibits eating
42
What role does the intestine play in hunger inhibition?
Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the intestine which interrupts feelings of hunger
43
What role does adipose tissue play in hunger inhibition?
Fat tissue releases leptin which reduces hunger
44
What is the feeding center of the brain?
The lateral hypothalamus
45
What is the satiety center of the brain?
The ventromedial hypothalamus
46
Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating
would inhibit satiety causing excessive eating
47
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would ____ satiety causing _____ eating
would increase satiety causing reduced or stopped eating
48
Aphagia is the...
cessation of eating
49
Adipsia is the
cessation of drinking
50
What is obesity?
Excessive fat tissue that negatively impacts health
51
What is an obesogenic environment?
An environment that promotes obesity
52
What is prader-willi syndrome?
Genetic disorder causing obesity, 1/12000 people.
53
What are the symptoms of prader-willi syndrome?
Insatiable hunger Slow metabolism Small hands/feet
54
What is the genetic cause of prader-willi syndrome?
Small deletion on the paternal chromosome 15
55
What is leptin deficiency?
A condition in which the body doesn't produce leptin (gets fat)
56
OB mice have issues with leptin ___ and can be cured with...
leptin production and can be cured with leptin treatments
57
DB mice have issues with leptin ____ and...
leptin receptors, and cant be cured with leptin
58
What is the insulin receptor deficiency disorder?
The brain is unable to properly detect insulin levels.
59
Why does insulin receptor deficiency make mice obese?
It is hypothesized that insulin levels in the brain inhibit fat accumulation
60
What are 2 examples of serotonin agonists that used to be used as a treatment for obesity?
Fenfluramine and Lorcaserin
61
Serotine ____ satiety
serotonin induces satiety
62
What is semaglutide?
AKA. Ozempic, lowers blood glucose by stimulating insulin secretion. Very new drug approved for weight management.
63
What is anorexia nervosa?
Disorder of under consumption of food. Anorexia patients are interested in food but it makes them feel sick Scared of gaining weight Terrible body image.
64
Anorexia patients show different brain activity than normal when...
viewing themselves.
65
What is pinel's view of an anorexia solution?
Feeding individuals with anorexia several small meals
65
What is orthorexia?
A disorder classified by an obsession with clean/healthy food
65
What are the cycles of bulimia?
Fasting, binging, and purging.
66
Bulimia often leads to issues with...
nutrition and damage caused by purging
67
What is binge eating disorder?
Recurring episodes of eating quickly and eating too much (beyond full)
68
In patients with bulimia, the insula is
more sensitive than normal
69
In patients with bulimia, the anterior cingulate cortex
more active in response to food
70
In patients with bulimia, the dorsal pre-frontal cortex is
less active in response to food
71
In patients with anorexia, the insula is
less sensitive than normal
72
In patients with anorexia, the anterior cingulate cortex is...
less active in response to food
73
In patients with anorexia, the dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex is
more active in response to food

3rd year psych (4 decks)

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