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18- SA- Neurology > Neuro disease in small mammals and exotic species > Flashcards

Neuro disease in small mammals and exotic species Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

List 13 clinical signs of neurological conditions in small mammals

A

head tilt
weakness
paresis
exophthalmos
ocular discharge
mydriasis
swaying
nystagmus
tremor
urinary incontinance
seizures
loss of anal tone
circling
faecal impaction

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2
Q

List 10 clinical signs of neurological conditions in reptiles

A

loss of righting reflex
loss of withdrawel reflexes
loss of cloacal tone
limb paresis (hind is most common)
reduced grip in snakes
generalised or localised weakness
tremors/convulsions
blindness
circling
head tilt
stargazing

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3
Q

Describe the righting reflex

A

if they get stuck on their back, they should be able to right themselves immediately

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4
Q

List 8 clinical signs of neurological disease in birds

A

Loss of withdrawal reflexes
Loss of cloacal tone
Limb paresis
Reduced foot grip
Generalised weakness
Tremors and convulsions
Circling
Head tilt

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5
Q

List the clinical signs of central vestibular disease in small mammals

A

nystagmus (vertical or horizontal)
other CNS signs

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6
Q

List the clinical signs of peripheral vestibular disease in small mammals

A

nystagmus ( horizontal)
horners syndrome or facial nerve paralysis

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7
Q

List the possible differentials for central vestibular disease in small mammals

A

E. cuniculi
toxoplasma
neoplasia

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8
Q

List the differentials for peripheral vestibular disease in small mammals

A

otitis media

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9
Q

what type of rabbits are predisposed to otitis media

A

lop rabbits

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10
Q

describ how otitis media forms

A

infection penetrates through the tympanic membrane

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11
Q

List the clinical signs of otitis media

A

ataxia
circling
head tilt
+/- aural base abscess

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12
Q

why is otitis externa often not picked up in rabbits

A

they are prey animals and therefore hide their signs of disease

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13
Q

how can you prevent otitis media from occuring in lop rabbits

A

regular cleaning in order to prevent otitis externa

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14
Q

Describe how Encephalitozoon cuniculi is spread

A

is a fungi spread mostly in rabbit urine

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15
Q

List the clinical signs of E. cuniculi

A

CNS damage- hindlimb paralysis/ weakness, torticollis, urinary incontinence, tremors

Kidney damage: PUPD, weight loss, anorexia, cataracts/ uveitis

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16
Q

Describe how E. cuniculi travels through the body

A
  1. pathogen ingested in contaminated food/water
  2. pathogen moves via the blood stream into the kidneys
  3. is intermittently passed in urine
  4. pathogen moves into spine and causes hind limb paresis
  5. moves up the spine and into brain causing neuro signs
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17
Q

what is floppy bunny syndrome

A

this is flaccid paralysis due to muscular weakness - the exact cause is unknown

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18
Q

Describe how to treat floppy bunny syndrome

A

supportive care - most bunnies recover within 3-4 days

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19
Q

Describe how fipronil causes toxicity in rabbits

A

fipronil blocks GABA receptors in the CNS and stops chloride ion uptake, this causes excessive CNS stimulation and eventual death

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20
Q

List the clinical signs of fibronil toxicity in rabbits

A

seizures
tremors
hyperactivity
diarrhoea
hypersalivation
hypothermia
death

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21
Q

how soon after giving fipronil are clinical signs seen

A

around 9 days after

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22
Q

List 3 viruses causing neurological signs in reptiles

A

inclusion body disease (snakes)
ophidian paramyxovirus (snakes)
adenovirus (any reptile)

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23
Q

List the clinical signs of inclusion body disease in snakes

A

GI signs + neurological signs (head tremor, uneven pupils, muscle spasm, lethargy, etc)

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24
Q

List the clinical signs of adenovirus in reptiles

A

anorexia
diarrhoea
wasting
neurological signs (stargazing, twitching/seizures)

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25
List the cliical signs of ophidian paramyxovirus in snakes
Respiratory signs + neurological signs (head tremor, uneven pupils, muscle spasm, lethargy, etc)
26
List 2 drugs that are toxic to reptiles and can cause neuro signs
ivermectin and metronidazole
27
List the clinical signs of ivermectin toxicity in reptiles
depression, paralysis and death in chelonia sensitivities in other reptiles
28
List the clinical signs of metronidazole toxicity in reptiles
vestibular disease
29
List 3 viruses causing neurological signs in birds
Newcastle disease Avian influenza Marek's disease
30
what causes Marek's disease
herpes virus 1
31
what causes Newcastle Disease
Avian paramyxovirus 1
32
List the clinial signs of Newcastle disease in birds
Respiratory and head tilt
33
List the clinical signs of avian influenza
respiratory and sudden death
34
when does hyperlipidaemia occur in birds
if the birds are fed a poor diet - i.e. seed only diet for parrots
35
List the clinical signs of hyperlipidaemia in birds
obesity/overweight, tremors/seizures, weakness, liver damage signs
36
how can we treat hyperlipidaemia in birds
treat with liver protectants and change the diet
37
List the clinical signs of heavy metal toxicity in birds
regurgitation, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, anaemia, polydipsia, diarrhoea and haemoglobinuria CNS signs - depression, seizures, head tilt, blindness
38
List the clinical signs of head trauma in birds
depressed/ stunned blindness head tilt
39
what is pectin
the blood vessel at the back of a birds eye providing blood to the eye
40
what happens if the pectin is destroyed
the bird becomes blind in that eye
41
what causes Psittacosis
Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic)
42
Describe how Psittacosis is spread
via faeces, urine and respiratory secretions
43
List the clinical signs of Psittacosis
Respiratory (dyspnoea, oculonasal discharge) GIT (bright green faeces, regurgitation). CNS (tremors, twisting of the head & body). Sudden death (especially lovebirds)
44
Describe how to diagnose otitis media
radiography, otoscopic examine CT is the best way
45
Describe how to diagnose spinal problems in rabbits
radiography
46
Decsribe how to diagnose heavy metal toxicity in birds
history + clinical signs blood work radiography
47
Describe how to diagnose hepatic lipidosis
bloods - can see grossly if severe, can test cholesterol levels and liver values
48
Describe how to diagnose E. cuniculi
blood test antibody serology (ELISA)- need to do 2 to see if increasing over time urine antigen test (PCR)- unreliable histology (kidney PCR) - PME if housed with other rabbits
49
Describe how to diagnose Marek's disease
presumptive diagnosis on clinical signs and gross PME can do histopathology and PCR
50
Can we treat Marek's disease
No
51
Describe how to diagnose Psittacosis
PCR - conjunctival/cloacal swab or faecal PCR
52
Describe how to diagnose inclusion body disease
PM histology (liver, kidney, pancreas) PCR (mouth or cloacal swab)
53
Describe how to diagnose Ophidian paramyxovirus
PM histology (lung/brain) PCR (mouth or cloacal swabs)
54
Describe how to diagnose adenovirus in lizards
clinical signs PM histology (liver biopsy)
55
Describe how to treat otitis externa/ media
antibiotic eardrops analgesia C&S ear flush massage aural base abscess to remove debris
56
when do we consider TECA-LBO in rabbits
if the ear infections are recurrent or non-responsive to treatments
57
what are the risks of TECA-LBO in rabbits
facial nerve paralysis, vestibular disease
58
can we treat E. cuniculi
we can ease symptoms and reduce inflammation, but we can't reverse the damage already done
59
Describe how to treat E. caniculi
isolate individuals, disinfect the environment, kill pathogens (fenbendazole), NSAIDs or steroids, gut support euthanasia should be considered
60
Describe how can we prevent E. cuniculi
quarantine new rabbits and treat them with fenbendazole (regular worming should be unertaken)
61
Describe how to treat hepatic lipidosis
change diet slowly over 6 months liver supplements - milk thistle, hepatosyl and lactulose
62
how do we treat lead toxicity in birds
supportive treatment calcium EDTA and remove metal particles from the GIT (endoscopically)
63
how do we treat psittacosis in birds
Doxycycline for 45 days

18- SA- Neurology (11 decks)

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