Ocular pharmacology

Question 1

why should we only place one drop in the eye at a time

Answer 1

this is more than enough to be retained on the eye surface
anymore and we will stimulate reflex tearing and dilute the drops and ruin the effect

Question 2

What is the main indication of fusidic acid (isathal)

Answer 2

minor ocular surface infections - e.g. conjuncitivitis

Question 3

what is the main indication for use of chloramphenicol in the eye

Answer 3

prophylaxis for ulcers and ocular surgery, bacterial conjunctivitis

Question 4

What is the main indication for use of ofloxacin (exocin) and ciprofloxacin (ciloxan) in the eye

Answer 4

infected/ melted corneal ulcers

Question 5

What is the main indication of use of gentamicin in the eye

Answer 5

infected/ melted corneal ulcers

Question 5

what is the main indication for use of chlortetracycline (ophtocycline) in the eye

Answer 5

feline chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 5

what can we use anti-collagenases for

Answer 5

melting/ infected ulcers

Question 5

List the 2 forms of anti-collagenases

Answer 5

serum
stromease

Question 5

List the 4 main systemic antibacterials relevant to ophthalmology

Answer 5

clindamycin
tetracyclines
sulphonamides
enrofloxacin

Question 5

what is the clinical indication of systemic clindamycin for eye issue

Answer 5

toxoplasma gondii- induced uveitis in cats an dogs

Question 6

what is the clinical indication of systemic doxycycline for eye issues

Answer 6

feline conjunctivitis caused by chlamydophilia

Question 7

what is the effect of systemic sulphonamides on the eye

Answer 7

there is a risk of KCS (dry eye) due to toxic effect on the lacrimal gland

Question 8

what is the effect of systemic enrofloxacin on the eye

Answer 8

can cause permanent blindness at higher doses due to retinal toxicity- especially in cats

Question 9

List 2 topical anti-viral drugs used for feline herpesvirus

Answer 9

Ganciclovir
Aciclovir

Question 10

Name the oral anti-viral drug used for feline herpesvirus

Answer 10

famciclovir

Question 11

are fungal ocular conditions common in the UK

Answer 11

No

Question 12

What is the indication of prednisolone acetate for ocular cases

Answer 12

anterior uveitis and peri-operative for cataract surgery (treat and prevent ocular inflammation)

Question 13

What is the indication of dexamethason in ocular cases

Answer 13

immune-mediated ocular surface disease including chronic superficial keratitis in dogs and eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in cats

Question 14

what is the indication for diclofenac and flurbiprofen in ocular cases

Answer 14

to treat and prevent intraocular inflammation- especially if corticosteroids are contraindicated

Question 15

what is the indication of ciclosporin in ocular cases

Answer 15

for canine KCS (dry eye) and chronic superficial keratitis

Question 16

what produces aqueous humour

Answer 16

ciliary processes

Question 17

Describe how the aqueous humour drains

Answer 17

via uveal trabecular meshwork in the drainage angle

Question 18

Describe how anti-glaucoma drugs work

Answer 18

they either reduce aqueous humour production or they increase aqueous humour outflow

Question 19

what type of drugs increase aqueous humour outflow

Answer 19

prostaglandin analogues

Question 20

what type of drugs reduce aqueous humour formation

Answer 20

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors beta-blockers

Question 21

what is the drug of choice for primary glaucoma and why

Answer 21

prostaglandin analogues - this is the most effective drug at reducing IOP

Question 22

when are prostaglandin analogues contraindicated in the eye

Answer 22

uveitis and anterior lens luxation

Question 23

what are side effects of prostaglandin analogues

Answer 23

they cause prominent miosis

Question 24

Name a carbonic anhydrase used in dogs

Answer 24

Brinzolamide

Question 25

Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used in cats

Answer 25

Dorzolamide

Question 26

are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors able to reduce IOP by enough to treat primary glaucoma

Answer 26

No

Question 27

what is the most common beta-blocker used to reduce IOP

Answer 27

timolol

Question 28

List some possible systemic side effects of beta-blockers

Answer 28

bradycardia and hypotension

Question 29

List 2 prostaglandin analogues used in dogs and cats

Answer 29

Latanoprost travoprost

Question 30

Name a lacrostimulant drug

Answer 30

ciclosporin

Question 31

List 3 types of drugs to replace the tear film

Answer 31

lipid-based ointments mucinomimetics aqueous tear substitutes

Question 32

what do mydriatics do

Answer 32

dilate pupils

Question 33

List the potential uses of mydriatics

Answer 33

diagnostic purposes - examine the lens and fundus therapeutic purposes - treating anterior uveitis and aiding introcular surgery

Question 34

what do cycloplegics do

Answer 34

relax the ciliary body musculature

Question 35

what are cycloplegics used for

Answer 35

relieving the painful ciliary spasm associated with anterior uveitis and helping reduce formation of posterior synechiae

Question 36

what effect does atropine have in the eye

Answer 36

mydriatic and cycloplegic effects

Question 37

how long does atropine take to work, and how long does it last

Answer 37

takes 1 hour to work and lasts 3-5 days

Question 38

what effect does tropicamide have in the eye

Answer 38

mydriatic and minimal cyclopegic effects

Question 39

how long does tropicamide take to work, and how long does it last

Answer 39

30 mins and it lasts 8-12 hours

Question 40

what effect does phenylephrine have in the eye

Answer 40

mydriatic effects NO cycloplegic effect

Question 41

how long does phenylephrine take to work, and how long does it last

Answer 41

20-60 mins and it lasts 12-18 hours

Question 42

what mydriatic is used to treat anterior uveitis

Answer 42

atropine

Question 43

what mydriatic is used in practice for examination of the fundus

Answer 43

tropicamide

Question 44

List some potential side effects of atropine in the eye

Answer 44

blurred vision increased IOP reduced tear production

Question 45

when is atropine not recommended for use

Answer 45

glaucoma lens luxation KCS In brachycephalics

Question 46

what mydriatic is used to diagnose Horner's syndrome

Answer 46

Phenylephrine

Question 47

most commonly used topical LA in the eye

Answer 47

proxymetacaine

Question 48

why do we not use proxymetacaine therapeutically

Answer 48

it is epitheliotoxic and will delay corneal healing