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SP16 Anatomy > Neuro L3 > Flashcards

Neuro L3 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Brainstem functions (3)

A

Conduit: info goes to cortex and spinal cord
Cranial nerve:
Integrative functions: motor patterns, cardioresp. control, reflexes

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2
Q

Caudal medulla contains

A

Central canal continuous with central canal of spinal cord

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3
Q

Rostral end of medulla contains

A

central canal expand into fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Obex

A

apex of fourth ventrical where it narrows to central canal

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5
Q

Pyramidal decussation
Interrupts
Contains
Bounded by

A

interrupts anterior median fissure
Contains corticospinal tract
Bounded by anterolateral sulcus

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6
Q

Olive

A

Bulge created by inferior olivary nucleus

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7
Q

CN associated with Medulla

A

IX, X, XII

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8
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle
Part of
Forms much of roof of

A

Part of pons

Forms much of roof of fourth ventricle

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9
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

Connects

A

Connects 3rd and 4th ventrical

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10
Q

Superior colliculus

location

A

Rostral midbrain

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11
Q

Inferior colliculus

location

A

Caudal midbrain

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12
Q

Cerebral peduncles
location
Type of matter

A

white matter at base of midbrain

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13
Q

Inferior brachium

Location

A

Midbrain

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14
Q

All brainstem levels rostral to ____ have three levels

A

Obex

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15
Q

Three levels of brainstem rostral to obex

A

Tegmentum
Tectum
Stuff aded onto anterior surface

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16
Q

Tegmentum

A

tissue anterior to ventricle

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17
Q

Tectum

A

Tissue posterior to ventricle

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18
Q

Main fiber tract locations in brainstem (3)

A

corticospinal tract
Spinothalamic tract
Medial lemniscus

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19
Q

Corticospinal tract

Location

A

Anterior

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20
Q

Spinothalamic tract

location

A

anterolateral

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21
Q

Medial Lemniscus

location

A

medial but more variable

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22
Q

Caudal medulla
Open or closed
Extends from ___ to ____

A

Closed medulla

Extends from pyramial decussation to obex

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23
Q

Caudal medulla landmarks (4)

A

Central canal
Gracile nuclei
Cuneate nuclei
Pyramidal decussation

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24
Q

Rostral medulla landmarks (4)

A

Fourth ventricle
Inferior olivary nuclei
XII nucleus
Pyramids

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25
Caudal pons landmarks (4)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus 4th ventricle
26
Rostral pons landmarks (3)
superior cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus close to spinothalamic tract small ventricular space at aqueduct
27
Caudal midbrain landmarks (3)
Inferior colliculus IV Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
28
Rostral midbrain landmarks (4)
Superior colliculus III Red nucleus Substantia nigra
29
Sulcus limitans
separates sensory from motor
30
Reticular formation important in regulation of (6)
``` sleep/wakefulness Posture pain internal environment Motor behaviors emotion ```
31
Longitudinal zones of reticular formation
Raphe Medial Lateral
32
Medial zone Size of neurons Source of
large and small neurons | Source of most ascending and descending projections
33
``` Lateral zone Prominent in (2) Involved in (2) ```
``` Prominent in Rostral medulla Caudal pons Involved in Cranial nerve reflexes Visceral functions ```
34
Medial reticulospinal tract Begins in sides descends near ___ in ____
Begins in pons Ipsilateral Descends near medial longitudinal fasciculus in anterior funiculus
35
Later reticulospinal tract Begins in sides descends in
begins in medulla descends bilaterally in lateral funiculus
36
Major alternative to corticospinal tract in regulating spinal motor neurons
Reticular formation
37
Reticular formation influences spinal motor neurons (directly/indirectly)
directly
38
Rhythmic motor patterns of brainstem reticular formation
``` Swallowing/vomiting Heart rate Locomotion Respiration Mastication Gaze centers ```
39
Gaze Centers | Location and type
Midbrain: vertical gaze center Pons: horizontal gaze center
40
Responsible for mastication | Nucleus and location
Supratigeminal nucleus (pons)
41
Medulla Vital center (3)
Swallowing/vomiting Respiration Heart rate
42
Bruxism
jaw opening and jaw closing muscles are contracted at same time
43
Peripheral causes theory of bruxism
(based on clinical) Malocclusion Movements in attempt to reach resting position
44
Central causes theory of bruxism
``` Sleep related dysfunctions Input to supratrigeminal nucleus may be from basal ganglia, lateral hypothalamus central nucleus of amygdala ```
45
Periaquaductal Gray receives pain info from
Spinomesencephalic fibers
46
PAG gets behavior state info from
hypothalamus, cortex, amygdala
47
Opiates work by activating
PAG-raphe at multiple levels
48
Raphe can inhibit spinothalamic tract by
directly activating interneurons directly inhibit pain afferents
49
Raphe uses ____ in synapses
serotonin
50
For arousal and consciousness, ___ and ____ of RF project to ______ which projects to the ____
Midbrain and Pons Thalamic intralaminar nuclei Cortex
51
_____ damage to the ___ RF results in prolonged coma
Bilateral damage to midbrain
52
ARAS name roles
Ascending reticular activating system Maintain consciousness Sleep-wakefulness
53
Chemicals in brainstem
norepinehphrine dopamine serotonin
54
Chemicals in hypothalamus nuclei
histamine containing neurons
55
Chemical in telencephalon nuclei
acetylcholine
56
Norepinephrine nonadrenergic neurons in
``` Medulla: Solitary nucleus Ventrolateral medulla Rostral Pons: Locus ceruleus ```
57
Solitary nucleus, located in, uses this chemical for _____
medulla, norepinephrine for memory enhancement
58
Ventrolateral medulla uses this chemical for _____
norepinephrine for pain regulation
59
Locus ceruleus, located in, uses this chemical for
located in pons, norepinephrine for cortex attention
60
Locus ceruleus releases norepinephrin in the cortex in response to _____ causing____ ____
novel environmental stimuli | Causing arousal, feeling of anticipation
61
Trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord release norepinephrine from _____ in order to _____
from ventrolateral medulla | Suppress incoming pain signals
62
Low levels of norepinephrine can cause this condition
depression
63
Parkinsons patients may suffer from ____ due to _____
depression due to loss of locus ceruleus neurons
64
High levels of norepinephrin can cause
panic disorder
65
Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain
``` substantia nigra (putamen and caudate) ventral tegmental area (limbic system) ```
66
substantia nigra has ___ neurons involved in
Dopaminergic neurons Motor activity Parkinson deisease
67
Ventral tegmental area has ___ neurons
dopaminergic
68
Ventral tegmental area fibers
Mesocortical | Mesolimbic
69
Mesocortical fibers Part of this area Involved in
Ventral tegmental area Organized thinking, planning; projections to front cortex
70
Mesolimbic fibers Part of this area Involved in
Ventral tegmental area Emotional reward Drug dependency
71
Schizophrenia components/causes
Social withdrawal: low levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex Hallucinations: high levels of dopamine in limbic system
72
Serotonergic neurons located at _______ in raphe
pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe
73
Midbrain raphe nuclei communicating w/ serotonin to regions of cortex results in
attention: inhibition of distracting stimuli Hypothalamus: day-night cycle
74
Serotonergic projections are extensive and numerous, especially to
sensory and limbic areas
75
Low levels of serotonin can cause
high carb consumption, binge eating
76
High levels of serotonin can cause
compulsive behavior/ anoreia nervosa
77
How does reticular formation regulate spinal reflexes?
only noxious stimuli evoke a reflex

SP16 Anatomy (11 decks)

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