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neuro quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

most nerves in the PNS have a covering called..

A

neurilemma - covers Schwann cell and is important in repair

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2
Q

stage 1 PNS repair

A

degeneration

(chromatolysis - nissl bodies in cell break up, provides metabolic support for regeneration to occur)

&

Wallerian degeneration - damaged axon and myelin disintegrate, neurilemma remain)

(chromatolysis is concurrent w wallerian degeneration)

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3
Q

regeneration - Stage 2 PNS repair

A
  • dependent on Scwhann cells
  • they multiply by mitosis and grow to form a regeneration tube
  • neurolemma forms tube
  • buds of regenerating axons fill tube until axon is fully regrown
  • grow at 1-1.5mm per day
  • myelin sheath is now grown and covers axon
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4
Q

conditions that must be present for regeneration

A
  1. neurons must be located in PNS
  2. intact cell body
  3. myelination by functional Schwann cells having a neurolemma
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5
Q

birth of a new neuron from a stem cell

A

neurogenesis

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6
Q

after an injury, if the ________ is intact and there is a functioning _____ cell, the axon may be repaired

A

cell body

schwann cell

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7
Q
  • temporary interupption of conduction w/o loss of axonal continuity
  • everything still intact
  • NO wallerian degeneration
  • often sensory/motor problems distal to injury
A

neuropraxia

most mild injury

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8
Q
  • damage to axon and myelin
  • sensory and motor deficits distal to injury
  • no nerve conduction distal to injury
  • wallerian deg distal to injury site
  • prognosis = good
A

axonotmesis

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9
Q
  • total severance of nerve fiber
  • partial or incomplete
  • sensory or motor problems and autonomic defects are severe
  • no nerve conduction distal to injury site
  • wallerian degeneration distal to injury
    -sx needed - prognosis = not good
A

neurotmesis

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10
Q

what temperature are cold receptors (A fibres) activated by

A

10 & 40

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11
Q

what temp are warm receptors (C fibers) activated by

A

32 and 48 (90-118)

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12
Q

what temp stimulates pain receptors producing painful sensations

A

below 10 & 48

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13
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings that have receptive fields about 1 mm in diameter on the skin surface

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14
Q

fast pain =

A

myelinated A fibers
superficial - acute, sharp, pricking

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15
Q

slow pain =

A

unmyelinated C fibers
excruciating, chronic, burning, aching, throbbing
deeper and internal organs

(toothache)

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16
Q

3 types of proprioceptors

A
  1. mm spindles
  2. GTO
  3. joint kinesthetic receptors (in synovial joint capsules)
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17
Q

4 events that occur for sensation to arise

A
  1. stimulation of a sensory receptor (stimulus occurs within the receptors “receptive field”
  2. transduction of the stimulus (a sensory receptor converts the energy in the stimulus into a graded potential) it can transduce (convert) only one type of stimulus
  3. generation of nerve impulses
  4. integration of sensory input (integrated in cerebral cortex)
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18
Q

what are sensory neurons called that conduct impulses from the PNS to the CNS

A

first-order neurons

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19
Q

physical stimulus –> transduction –> transmission –> analysis and integration

A
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20
Q

bare dendrites associated w pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch sensations

A

free nerve endings

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21
Q

dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration, some touch sensations

A

encapsulated nerve endings

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22
Q

receptor cells synapse w first order neurons located in retina, inner ear, taste buds of tongue

A

separate cells

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23
Q

located in blood vessels, viseral organs
monitor conditions internally
not consciously perceived

A

interoceptors (visceroceptors)

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24
Q

sensitive to stimuli like deformation, stretching, bending of cells

provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium

monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

A

mechanoreceptors

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25
detect changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
26
respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to the tissue
nociceptors
27
detect light that strikes the retina of the eye
photoreceptors
28
detect chemicals in the mouth, nose and body fluids
chemoreceptors
29
detect osmotic pressure of body fluids
osmoreceptors (CSF, blood)
30
encapsulated receptors (slowly adapting) in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue highly sensitive to stretching
bulbous corpuscles/ ruffini corpuscles
31
sensory neurons that conduct nerve impulses from somatic sesnory receptors into brainstem or spinal cord
first order neurons
32
conduct nerve impulses from the brainstem or spinal cord to thalamus
second order axons of second order neurons decussate as they move through brainstem or spinal cord before ascending into the thalamus
33
conduct nerve impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex on the same side
third order
34
each piece of incoming information is combined w other arriving and previously stored information in a process called ..
integration
35
sensations are made up of
1. levels and components of pathways that convey sensory nerve impulses from the body to the brain 2. general sensations that result
36
special senses modalities
smell taste vision hearing equilibrium / balance
37
a sensory receptor is a structure of the nervous system that
monitors change in the external or internal environment
38
where does the process of sensation begin
sensory receptor
39
what is it called when the generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus
adaptation this causes the freqeuncy of nerve impulses in the first order neuron to decrease
40
what are the areas w the highest density of somatic sensory receptors
tip of tongue lips fingertips
41
arise from stimulating the skin surface ex) pain, thermal, tactile
cutaneous sensations
42
4 modalities of somatic sensation
1. tactile 2. thermal 3. pain 4. proprioceptive
43
tactile sensations
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
44
what tactile sensations are detected by encapsulated mechanoreceptors (A fiber)
touch, pressure, vibration
45
what tactile sensations are detected by free nerve endings (C fibre)
itch and tickle
46
2 types of rapidly adapting touch receptors
1. Meissner corpuscles - dermal papillae of hairless skin 2. hair root plexuses - free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
47
2 types of slowly adapting touch receptors
1. merkel discs - flattened free nerve endings 2. ruffini corpuscles - encapsulated receptors deep in dermis - sensitive to stretching
48
receptors that contribute to sensations of pressure include
1. meissner corpuscles 2. merkel discs 3. pacinian corpuscles
49
receptors for vibration sensations
1. meissner - low freq. 2. pacinian - higher freq.
50
receptors for tickle
free nerve endings
51
where are cold receptors located
stratum basale of epidermis warm are in dermis
52
nociceptors
free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the brain
53
the visceral organ involved and the area to which the pain if referred are served by the _____
same segment of the spinal cord
54
where are proprioceptors found
mm's (especially postural mm's) tendons
55
golgi tendon reflex steps
1. neuron from golgi tendon organ fires 2. motor neuron inhibited 3. muscle relaxes 4. load is dropped
56
what responds to pressure in the capsules of joints
free nerve endings ruffini corpuscles
57
in the connective tissue, what responds to acceleration and deceleration of joints during movement
small Pacinian corpuscles
58
where are conscious sensations or perceptions integrated
cerebral cortex
59
when stimulated, dendrites of free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings and the receptive part of olfactory receptors produce ......
a generator potential
60
detect light touch and pressure, located in the skin
merkel cells
61
sense light touch and low frequency vibrations in areas of high frequency
meissners corpuscles
62
detect deep pressure and high frequency vibration
pacinian corpuscles
63
sense skin stretch and sustained pressure
ruffini endings

Neurology (8 decks)

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