sensory, afferent, input, ascending - sensory converys input from sensory receptors all over the body from somatic senses into the CNS, traveling on ascending neurons

1. cell body 2. dendrites 3. axon

Nervous System - Lec 1&2 Flashcards by ash box

what is involved in the PNS

cranial & spinal nerves
ganglia
enteric plexus
sensory receptors
cranial & spinal nerve

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how many pairs of spinal nerves

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how many pairs of cranial nerves

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what is part of the ANS

heart mm
smooth mm
glands

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what is part of somatic system

voluntary skeletal mm’s

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SAIA =

sensory, afferent, input, ascending

sensory converys input from sensory receptors all over the body from somatic senses into the CNS, traveling on ascending neurons

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MEOD =

motor, efferent, output, descending

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3 parts to a neuron

cell body
dendrites
axon

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what does the cell body include

nucleus
cytoskeleton
endoplasmic reticulum (sheath)
ribosomes (proteins produced)
nissl bodies

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what do dendrites do

receiving / input end of a neuron - they receive communication

receive info from axon terminals via synapses - then towards cell body

have plastic capabilities

*ex) practicing something new, creating new connections and you get better at it)

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what does the axon do

“the highway”

communicate everything from cell body to rest of the body

contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurofibrils

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where is the next action potential triggered

initial segment (trigger zone)

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what cells produce CSF

ependymal

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where do Schwann cells create myelin

PNS

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where do oligodendrocytes create myelin

CNS

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can Schwann cells regenerate?

yes

oligodendrocytes DON’T

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what two cells are in the PNS

Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells

(the two S cells)

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what is Wallerian Degeneration

active process of degeneration of the distal end of an axon as a result of a nerve lesion

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what is the “glue” that supports / maintains neuronal networks

neuroglia

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what do astrocytes do

form a tight cinch around blood capillaries forming blood brain barrier to protect us from toxins

regulate ion concentrations

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what forms neuronal synapses

astrocytes

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what functions as phagocytes

microglial cells

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why does is matter if myelin regenerates or not

w/o the sheath around nerve fibres the transmission of electrical signals slows down

regeneration helps restore efficiency of nerve signal transmission - vital for movement/sensation

regeneration aids in recovery after injuries /damage

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what is the functional unit of the nervous system

neurons

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can neuroglia divide

yes neurons CANNOT

describe nervous system communication

neurons send signals to other neurons and to effectors (glands/mm cells)

what 3 ways does our nervous system adapt/change

sprouting of new dendrites synthesis of new proteins changes in synaptic contacts

inside of the cell is ____

negative

During resting membrane potential the cell is ___

polarized (not equal in molecular composition or structure between 2 sides)

build up of negative ions (anions) inside cytosol

build up of EQUAL amt positive ions (cations) in extracellular fluid OUTSIDE of cell the rest of the cell is NEUTRAL

the higher the difference between + and - sides =

the HIGHER the resting membrane potential

grey matter has UNMYELINATED axons

white matter has MYELINATED axons

3 factors that produce RMP

1. unequal distribution of ions 2. inability of most anions to leave the cell 3. electrogenic nature of Na+ and K+ + ATPases

sodium potassium pump, pumps __Na+ out of cell for every __K+ that enter cell

3 Na+ OUT, 2 K+ IN

graded potential = short distance

does not travel down axon used for short term communication

what is the type of nerve conduction that occurs in unmyelinated axons and mm fibres

continuous conduction

nerve fibres that are the slowest at 2 meters per second

C fibres

at the presynaptic cleft, which voltage gated channels must open to stimulate the release of the vesicles full of neurotransmitters

Calcium (Ca2+)

Ionotophic receptor is made from how many types of proteins?

one metabotrophic is made from more than one

process to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic clelft

1. enzyme degradation 2. diffusion 3. uptake cells

what cells offer structural support for the cell body of a neuron in PNS

Satellite cells

which functional class of neurons is responsible for integration?

interneurons

lipids in myelin make ____

white matter

what is a ganglion

cluster of cell bodies outside CNS

what is the plasma membrane of an axon called

axolemma

what are the nodes of ranvier

gaps in myelin sheath

bipolar = 1 dendrite, 1 axon

multipolar = several dendrites, 1 axon

graded potential = varies in size of amplitude, (doesn't reach threshold)

action potential = threshold has been reached

what is the plasma membrane of the axon

axolemma

what channels open or close when a chemical stimulus comes into contact

ligand gated

what channels open or close in response to vibration/touch/pressure/stretching

mechanically gated

what is summation

when a graded potential joins another graded potential - becomes stronger and lasts longer

where does saltatory conduction occur

in myelinated axons

B fibres =

mid size partly myelinated saltatory conduction ANS

2 advantages for Gap junctions

faster communication synchronization

3 types of regeneration

neuropraxia axonotmesis neurotmesis

what is a synapse

communication site

types of synapses

axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonic

EPSPs and IPSPs are involved w ____ synapses

chemical

which region of the brain does peception primarily occur

cerebral cortex

*the greater the difference in charge across the membrane, the larger the membrane potential*

RMP exists because of what

small buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the membrane, and an equal buildup of positive ions in the extracellular fluid along the outside surface of the membrane

what 3 factors does the RMP arise from

1. unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol 2. inability of most anions to leave the cell 3. electrogenic nature of the Na+ -K- ATPases

why does a stronger stimulus cause a larger graded potential than a weaker stimulus?

larger amplitude

which channels are open in the depolarizing stage vs hyperpolarizing

depolarizing = Voltage gated Na+ open hyperpolarizing = Voltage gated K+ open

the flow of Na+ in during depolarizing stage changes the membrane potential from -55mV to ____

+30mV at the peak of the impulse the inside of the membrane is 30 mV more positive than the outside

*a nerve impulse either occurs completely or it does not occur at all*

all-or-nothing principle

Nervous System - Lec 1&2 Flashcards

(67 cards)