final Flashcards by ash box

Jills thermoreceptors are sensitive to

both warm & cold temperatures

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Why does Jill feel her shoulders are sore after her run

b/c of referred pain

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If the stage lights got above 40°C which receptors would Kick in?

nociceptors

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Which part of Jill’s brain is most likely contributing to her emotions

limbic

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When Jill feels the heat of the lights, what process does the sensation go through before it reaches the brain?

Stimulation of a sensory receptor–> transduction of the stimulus →
generation of nerve – impulse integration of sensory input

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When Jill is standing at the podium, which sensory receptors are providing information about her body position, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints and equilibrium / balance?

proprioceptors

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Where in Jills brain, does the sensory information about the hot lights, and her pain end
up?

primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

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When Jill twisted her ankle, which of these receptors would likely have been stimulated?

golgi tendon organs
muscle spindles

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Jill also feels some tingling in her toes. She may have injured a nerve when she twisted her ankle. List the possible peripheral nerve injuries from least to most severe

neuropraxia
axonotmesis
neurotmesis

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Jill’s pounding heart is the result or which neurotransmitters in her autonomic nervous system

acetylcholine
norepinephrine

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The cells that secrete acetylcholine are called

cholinergic

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The synapses that these neurotransmitters travel across are known as

chemical

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Input from the ANS is often from?

interoceptors

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Which neural pathway consists of 2 motor neurons

somatic motor

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The cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the

lateral horn spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region specifically between the T1 and L2 spinal segments

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The enteric division of the nervous system consists of

nerves and ganglia within the walls of the GI tract

regulates both the contraction of smooth muscle of the GI tract

secretion of the glands of digestion & works with the vagus

→ all of the above?

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Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine, while adrenergic neurons release

norepinephrine

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Which sensory pathway carries impulses regarding coordination, posture, and balance from the limbs, trunk, and neck to cerebellum

spinocerebellar

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Types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

third order neuron

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which describes each type of sensation-such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing

sensory modality

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Which sensory pathway is carrying the pain impulse to Sarah’s cortex?

spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

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Which type of cell is the P receptor in Sarah’s toe

free nerve ending

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Which part of the autonomic nervous system contributed to Sarah’s feelings of anger

sympathetic nervous system

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Why does Sarah’s anger feel quick and intense but it maye take her a bit to calm down

b/c the sympathetic nervous system response is more diffuse than parasympathetic

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Why did Sarah feel the sharp pain before the dull ache

b/c the sharp pain travels on myelinated A fibers

What is the name of the reflex that sarah experienced when her leg bent, in response to stubbing her toe

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

What would Sarah's right leg do, automatically, when she bent her leg and lifted it off the ground

extend and engage to keep her from falling

The part of the sensory pathway that carried the pain Impulse from Sarah's toe to the nervous system is also Known as

first order neuron

The tract that carries information to Sarah's brain, would cross in the spinal cord

true

The last myotome Tommy can move is C4. This means that he can

shrug his shoulders but can't abduct them

Tommy would have feelings in his face but nothing else

false

What is the outermost protective layer of Tommys spinal cord

dura

Tommy's injury would be considered an

upper motor neuron injury

Which of these tracts is in Tommy's posterior spinal cord

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

Cerebral Spinal fluid comes from the

ventricles in the brain produced by the choroid plexus

The nerve which allows him to use his facial muscles for this is the

CN VII (7) facial

Type of sensation Perkinjie (Pacininian) corpuscles respond to

pressure

Which of these nerves arises from the lumbosacral plexus

femoral nerve

What do astrocytes do

create the blood brain barrier

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the →

CNS

ependymal cells produce

cerebrospinal fluid

schwann cells produce myelin in the

PNS

Microglia play a role in the immune defense of

central nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is associated with cell bodies in

thoracic and lumbar sections of spinal cord short pre ganglionic axons long post ganglionic axons

The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with

constricted pupils (miosis)

Sensory pathway is

afferent and ascending

Modalities of somatic sensation

touch temperature pain proprioception itch

what is not one of the 5 special senses

touch *vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilbrium*

What conditions must be met for a peripheral nerve to repair?

Must be in the peripheral nerve system Schwann cell must be intact Intact cell body

Temperature may be detected by

pain receptors

Meissner's corpuscles are located in the

dermis

abducens in the

6th cranial nerve

The term bulbar palsy relates to

dysfunction of CN 9-12 IX (Glossopharyngeal) X (Vagus) XI (Accessory) XII (Hypoglossal)

Enteroreceptors convey

detect stimuli from internal organs (stretch, distention, pain, pressure, ischemia, chemical changes) → touch?

Exteroreceptors detect

touch

The following are mechanoreceptors

Miner's / Meissner's hair cells of inner ear Ruffini corpuscles

the sensation of warmth has

different receptors than cold

the sensation of pain is transmitted by

both A and C fibers

referred pain from the heart can travel to

upper back left jaw left arm

Conscious proprioception runs through the

thalamus and cerebral cortex

The muscle spindle has connective tissue capsule that anchors the

endomysium and perimysium

transduction of a stimulus for sensation occurs along

first order neurons

a receptor potential is a

graded potential

Which ion is required by the nervous system to perceive a sour taste sensation?

H+

Kinesthesia is conscious perception of

body movements

In order to enjoy pizza, one requires

Fungiform papillae (tasting flavours) Filiform papillae (tactile feedback on texture) Intact bulbar region (process the smells that enhance flavor)

Cranial nerves involved in taste

CN VII - facial (7) CN IX - glossopharyngeal (9) CN X - vagus (10)

While you digest your pizza, it is being propelled through your intestines by contraction of smooth muscle under control of

enteric nervous system

Brian was born with night blindness. He can't see in low light conditions. The cells affected are the

rods

Sound is perceived via

sound waves causing tympanic membrane to vibrate

Vibration is transmitted to the malleus, incus stapes, which pushes on the oval window, creating a

pressure wave in the perilymph, the fluid within the cochclea

The sensation of sound must travel through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus before reaching the

primary auditory complex of the temporal lobe

Function of the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body is to

focus the lens of the eye

Hair cells are receptor cells for

auditory and vestibular systems

The central nervous system response is sustained longer than parasympathetic because → ________ is released into the bloodstream and cleared relatively slowly by the liver

epinephrine

Posterior white columns of the spinal cord (dorsal columns) carry info regarding

discriminative touch (fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, two point discrimination)

Two major tracks that form posterior columns

fasciculus gracilis (carries sensory info from the lower half of the body (below T6) and the fasciculus cuneate (carries sensory info from the upper half of the body (above T6)

Route of transmission in order PBGNCT

photoreceptors (rods & cones), bi-polar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

Types of neurons that conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

third order neurons

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the

PNS

Sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily serve organs

above the diaphragm (head and thorax). Prevertebral ganglia serves organs below diaphragm, terminal ganglia serve visceral organs

Part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system

hypothalamus

If I stick a needle into the spinal column, in which order would I hit structures?

epidermis, muscle, dura, arachnoid mater, CSF, pia

What does diencephalon give rise to

thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus

Largest motor tract in body form 2 longitudinal bulges in Medulla oblongata

pyramids

Region of cerebellum governs equilibrium and balance →

(vestibulocerebellum) which includes the flocculonodular lobe & cerebellum

The deep valley that separates the left and right hemispheres is called the

longitudinal fissure the white matter which connects them is called the corpus collosum

function of pineal gland

secretes melatonin

What is significant about the central sulcus?

separates the primary motor area from the primary sensory area

does neuroglia produce action potentials

What is the definition of a ganglion?

cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS

differences between bipolar and multipolar neurons

bipolar are one dendrite, one axon multipolar - several dendrites, one axon

Why does a sensory receptor respond to one particular kind of stimulus?

selectivity

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ, and then travel through the

cochlear branch of the CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) to cochlear nucleus in medulla oblongata

Correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant. → binding of odorant molecules

→ activation of G-protein → production of cAMP, opening of sodium ion channels and calcium ion channels → depolarization → generation of nerve impulse

Preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with which cranial nerve?

CN III oculomotor

The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are

alpha and beta

final Flashcards

(97 cards)