more midterm Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
what is the primary function of sensory neurons
A
to transmit sensory information to the CNS
2
Q
what disease is charcterized by the degeneration of motor neurons
A
ALS
3
Q
which part of nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting signals
A
neruons
4
Q
what part of the neuron recieves signals from other neurons
A
dendrites
5
Q
what condition is caused by demyelination in the nervous system
A
MS
6
Q
what is the primary function of the ANS
A
to regulate involuntary functions
7
Q
Which type of cell is primarily involved in the immune response within the nervous system?
A
microglia
8
Q
the ____ connects the CNS to the limbs and organs
A
PNS
9
Q
the long projection of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body is the ___
A
axon
10
Q
the junction between two neurons where communication occurs is called a
A
synapse
11
Q
what do glial cells do
A
support and protect neurons
12
Q
what does serotonin regulate
A
mood and sleep regulation
13
Q
what does an axon do
A
transmit impulses away
14
Q
what is neurogenesis
A
formation of neurons
15
Q
what is adaptation of neural pathways called
A
neuroplasticity
16
Q
what is a neural tube
A
Early CNS structure
17
Q
what is dopamine responsible for
A
mood and reward regulation
18
Q
what do astrocytes do
A
support / nutrient supply
19
Q
what is the primary function of neurtransmitters in the nervous system
A
to transmit signals between neurons
20
Q
What is the term for the electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron?
A
action potential
21
Q
What is synaptic plasticity?
A
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time
22
Q
which neurotranmistter is primarily linked to depression
A
serotonin
23
Q
What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmitter release?
A
they trigger the fusion of vesciles w the presynaptic membrane
24
Q
Which type of synapse involves the direct transfer of ions between two neurons?
A
electrical synapse
25
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
A lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation
26
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the reward system in the brain?
dopamine
27
What is the main function of myelin in the nervous system?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission
28
The ____ is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.
nervous system
29
neurons communicate by generating ____ thta travel along their axons
action potentials
30
communication between neurons occurs at junctions called
synapses
31
what kind of neurotransmitter increases the likelyhood of a neuron firing
excitatory
inhibitory decreases it
32
A form of synaptic plasticity known as [long-term potentiation] strengthens the connections between neurons.
The process of [signal transmission] is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system.
33
Neurotransmitters bind to specific [receptors] on the postsynaptic neuron.
The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt is known as [plasticity].
34
Long-Term Potentiation --- Strengthens synapse
Neurotransmitter Release --- Exocytosis
35
Sensory Neurons --- Carry signals to CNS
Ionotropic Receptors --- Fast response
36
Reflex Arc --- Quick response pathway
Reuptake --- Transport back to neuron
37
Action Potential --- Rapid depolarization
Resting Potential --- -70 mV
38
Metabotropic Receptors --- Slow response
Ionotropic Receptors --- Fast response
39
GABA Receptors --- Inhibitory effects
40
Ascending Pathway --- Sensory information to brain
Descending Pathway --- Motor commands from brain
41
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
Decision making and problem solving
42
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
occipital
43
What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
corpus collosum
44
Which part of the brain controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate?
brainstem
45
function of thalamus?
relay sensory info to the cortex
46
Which lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing?
temporal
47
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?
Processing sensory information from the body
48
Which part of the brain is involved in the formation of new memories?
hippocampus
49
The outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions, is called the
cerebral cortex
50
The ____ connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.
brainstem
51
The brain is protected by three layers of membranes known as the
meninges
52
The _____ is involved in emotions, memory, and arousal.
limbic system
53
The _____ acts as a relay station for sensory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
54
The ____regulates vital functions such as temperature and hunger.
hypothalamus
55
The ____ is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and balance.
cerebellum
56
The ____ is associated with reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.
frontal lobe
57
The _____ is primarily responsible for processing visual information.
occipital lobe
58
parts of limbic systen
hippocampus - memory formation
cingulate gyrus - emotional regulation
septal nuclei - reward processing
59
CSF functions
buoyancy
protection
chemical stability
60
What is hemispheric specialization?
The tendency for certain cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere of the brain
61
During which stage of sleep does the brain primarily consolidate memories?
REM
62
What role does the amygdala play in memory?
emotional regulation
63
Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with memory and learning?
acetlycholine
64
Which brain structure is involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles?
hypothalamus
65
The concept of [hemispherization] describes how the two hemispheres of the brain specialize in different functions.
Higher-level [cognition] processes, such as reasoning and problem-solving, are primarily managed by the frontal lobe.
66
The first cranial nerve, known as the [olfactory nerve], is responsible for the sense of smell.
The [optic nerve] is the second cranial nerve and is crucial for vision.
67
The [oculomotor nerve] controls most of the eye's movements, including constriction of the pupil.
The [trigeminal nerve] is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.
68
The [facial nerve] is involved in facial expressions and the sense of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
The [vestibulocochlear nerve] is responsible for hearing and balance.
69
The [glossopharyngeal nerve] plays a role in taste and swallowing.
The [vagus nerve] is the longest cranial nerve and affects heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
70
The [hypoglossal nerve] controls the movements of the tongue.
71
optic nerve pathway
retina to brain
72
vesitubolcochlear nerve pathway
inner ear to brain
73
glossophayrngeal N pathway
throat to brain
74
oculomotor = eye movement
trochlear = eye rotation
abducens= lateral eye movement
75
Which landmark is located at the base of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
76
What type of information do sensory tracts carry?
Sensory information from the body to the brain
77
Which tract is responsible for voluntary motor control?
corticospinal tract
78
Where does the spinal cord end in adults?
L1-L2 vertebrae
79
What is the role of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord?
To transmit fine touch and proprioception
80
Which part of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons?
Anterior horn
81
What is the function of the spinothalamic tract?
To carry pain and temperature sensations
82
Which spinal cord segment is associated with the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
83
What is the cauda equina?
A bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris
84
Important landmarks of the spinal cord include the
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
85
The _____ horn of the spinal cord is primarily involved in processing sensory information.
dorsal
86
The ____ horn contains motor neurons that send signals to skeletal muscles.
ventral
87
The _____ of the spinal cord contains myelinated axons that form the ascending and descending tracts.
white matter
88
The ____ of the spinal cord is composed of neuronal cell bodies and is involved in reflex actions.
gray matter
89
Spinocerebellar Tract =
Unconscious proprioception
90
Corticospinal Tract =
Voluntary movement
91
Reticulospinal Tract =
Posture and locomotion
92
Vestibulospinal Tract =
Balance and posture
93
Dorsal Root =
Sensory fibers
94
ventral root =
motor fibers
95
the ____ of the medulla contain the large motor tracts that run from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
pyramids
96
another name for basal nuclei
corpus striatum
