Neuro-Random Ques. from Module 1-3 Flashcards by Morgan Crandall

What are the “scar” forming cells of the CNS?

Astroglia cells

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These neuroglial cells have a secretory, absorptive and CSF circulatory role

Ependymoglia

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A lesion in area 4 would result in…

Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia

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A lesion in area 6 would result in…

Apraxia of involved regions

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A DESTRUCTIVE lesion in area 8 would result in…

eyes deviating TOWARD side of lesion

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A IRRITATIVE lesion to area 8 would result in…

eyes deviating AWAY FROM lesion

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What areas are considered Broca’s Areas

Area 44 and 45 in dominant hemisphere only

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A lesion on the non-dominant areas 44 and 45 would result in…

Motor dysprosodia

Prosody

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What are the functions of areas 10-12?

Social behavior
Motivation and ability to focus (attention)
Emotion/personality
Motor inhibition/planning

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What are the functions of areas 9, 46, 47

Planning and behavioral component of motor function

Integrates sensory info w/ motor planning, organizing and regulating

Decide which voluntary movements to make according to higher-order instructions, rules, and self-generated thoughts

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Lesion in area 10-12…

Apathy
Inappropriate social behavior/emotions
Perseveration
Poor focus
"Change in personality"

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Lesion in areas 9, 46,47…

Contralateral motor apraxia
Impaired motor planning
Impaired behavioral inhibition
Impaired motor inhibition

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A bilateral frontal lobe lesion could result in:

akinetic mutism

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Analgesia v. Paresthesia

Analgesia: inability to detect pain

Paresthesia: distorted/abnormal detection of sensation

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What is the classic clinical finding in a right hemisphere stroke?

Anosagnosia (neglect)

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Gerstmann’s Syndrome

Calculation
Right-Left confusion (dyslexia)
Finger agnosia
Agraphia

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Lesions in these two areas can produce sensory dysprosodia

Non-dominant area 39,40

2. Non-dominant area 22

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Bilateral damage to area 41 results in…

deafness

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Wernicke’s aphasia

can’t comprehend language but can speak

The temporal lobe also plays a role in memory. Explain specifically it’s function in memory

Significant role in creating long-term memory/learning

Transition short term to long term memory

Is the non-dominant hemisphere associated w/ episodic or semantic memory?

Episodic memory

Is dominant hemisphere associated w/ episodic or semantic memory?

Semantic memory

A lesion in areas 18,19 results in…

visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
color agnosia
alexia

Primary and secondary destructions of a hemorrhagic stroke

Primary - destruction of neurons

Secondary - destruction from rise in intracranial pressure

Common locations of hemorrhagic stroke:

1. Thalamus 2. Putamen 3. Cerebellum 4. Brainstem

What areas of the brain do the ACA, MCA, and PCA supply?

ACA - Medial aspects of motor, sensory, and prefrontal regions (lower extremity) MCA - Lateral aspects of parietal, temporal, and frontal areas (UE, Trunk, Head) as well as association areas, prefrontal area, and optic tract PCA - Occipital lobe and inferior aspect of temporal lobe

Potential pathophysiology behind concussions (4 main things)

1. Absence of gross CNS damage 2. Metabolic changes (glutamate, potassium, calcium) 3. Cerebral blood flow mismatch 4. Transient microscopic damage to individual neurons

ALL sensory input must pass thorough except...

CN1

5 parts of the internal capsule

1. Anterior limb 2. Posterior limb 3. Genu 4. Retrolenticular part 5. Sublenticular part

The posterior limb of the internal capsule functions to:

relay sensory and motor input/output

Optic Radiation

projection from thalamus to visual cortex Retrolenticular and sublenticular part

Auditory Radiation

projection from thalamus to auditory cortex (area 41) Sublenticular part

Categories of Lacunar strokes

1. Pure motor stroke (most common) 2. Ataxic hemiparesis (second most common) 3. Mixed motor and sensory involvement 4. Pure sensory stroke

A pure motor lacunar stroke will result in...

contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia without dysfunction of other high order functions (this is what makes it distinguishable)

5 major nuclei of basal ganglia

1. Putamen 2. Caudate nucleus 3. Nucleus accumbens 4. Globus pallidus 5. Other: Substantia nigra (midbrain) and subthalamus (diencephalon)

Lentiform nuclei include:

putamen and globus pallidus

Striatum includes:

putamen caudate nucleus nucleus accumbens

Corpus Striatum

Putamen Globus pallidus Caudate nucleus

Does the basal ganglia inhibit or stimulate the thalamus? Or both?

Always inhibits the thalamus

Direct v. Indirect pathways of the basal ganglia

Direct - stimulates thalamic drive by decreasing inhibition Indirect - decreases thalamic drive by increasing inhibition

Clinical manifestations of Parkinson's Disease

Bradykinesia Difficult initiating movement Increased muscle tone (rigidity and spasticity) Resting tremor Decrease voluntary movement (dec facial expression, monotone, small writing) Dementia Depression

Explain the pathology of Parkinson's Disease

Destruction of substantia nigra (midbrain) reduces dopamine production and therefore inhibits the direct pathway = decreased thalamic drive (hypokinetic) *It also "allows" the indirect pathway to dominate

Causes of Parkinson's

Genetic | Pesticide exposure

Huntington's Disease manifestations. Hyper or hypokinetic?

HYPERKINETIC Choreiform, dementia, behavioral changes

Clinical diagnositc criteria for Tourette's Syndrome

1. Presence of both motor and vocal tics 2. Multiple tics nearly qd X 1 year 3. Causing distress/impairment in functioning 4. < 18 yo 5. Symptoms not d/t drugs/meds/other med conditions