neuroanatomy 1

Question 1

what is the CNS made up of

Answer 1

brain, spinal cord

Question 2

what is the PNS made up of

Answer 2

everything else, nerves, motor pathways

Question 3

contralateral

Answer 3

opposite side

Question 4

ipsilateral

Answer 4

same side

Question 5

what are the 3 parts of the brain

Answer 5

cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem

Question 6

what are the anatomical directions

Answer 6

superior/dorsal - up
anterior/rostal - front
inferior/ventral - down
caudal/posterior - back
medial - towards the middle
lateral - toward the side

Question 7

planes and sections

Answer 7

frontal - parallel to forehead
sagittal - parallel to ear
horizontal - parallel to ground

Question 8

grey matter

Answer 8

cell bodies and dendrites, e.g. cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus

Question 9

white matter

Answer 9

myelinated axons, e.g. the corpus callosum

Question 10

the corpus callosum

Answer 10

largest fibre bundle that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Question 11

protection of the nervous system

Answer 11

meninges - 3 layers of tissue that protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) - clear liquid that fills the subarachnoid space, functions - shock absorber, buoyancy
the blood brain barrier

Question 12

What is the ventricular system in the brain?

Answer 12

• network of cavities
• filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• includes the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and central canal.

Question 13

What are the components of the ventricular system?

Answer 13

Lateral Ventricles: Two large ventricles in each hemisphere.

Third Ventricle: Located between the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Cerebral Aqueduct: A narrow channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles.

Fourth Ventricle: Located between the brainstem and cerebellum.

Central Canal: A small tube running down the spinal cord.

Question 14

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

Answer 14

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, primarily in the lateral ventricles.

Question 15

What is the function of the CSF in the ventricular system?

Answer 15

Protection: Acts as a cushion to protect the brain from shocks.

Waste Removal: Helps remove metabolic waste from the brain.

Homeostasis: Regulates pressure and maintains a constant environment for the brain.

Buoyancy: Reduces the brain’s effective weight, preventing pressure on the skull.

Question 16

the blood-brain barrier

Answer 16

a semipermeable barrier
lipid soluble substances can pass through
substances with large molecules (e.g. glucose) must be actively transported through walls
purpose: maintain stable environment, protection from potentially damaging chemicals

Question 17

cerebral cortex

Answer 17

outer surface of cerebrum, 3mm thick, folded to allow a bigger surface area

Question 18

sulci

Answer 18

clefts/grooves/cracks

Question 19

fissures

Answer 19

major groves

Question 20

gyri

Answer 20

bulges

Question 21

lobes

Answer 21

Question 22

major sulci and gyri

Answer 22

Question 23

frontal lobe

Answer 23

anterior area of the cortex, rostal to parietal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
divided from parietal lobe by the central sulcus
functions: motor and cognition

Question 24

parietal lobe

Answer 24

caudal to frontal lobe, dorsal to temporal lobe
function: somatosensory

Question 25

occipital lobe

Answer 25

caudal to parietal and temporal lobes function: vision

Question 26

temporal lobe

Answer 26

rostral to occipital lobe and ventral to parietal and frontal lobes functions: hearing, vision, cognition, emotion

Question 27

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 27

The Primary Somatosensory Cortex processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, pain, and body position (proprioception) It is located in the parietal lobe of the brain

Question 28

primary visual cortex

Answer 28

The Primary Visual Cortex processes visual information, helping us interpret shapes, colours, and movements it is located in the occipital lobe

Question 29

primary auditory cortex

Answer 29

The Primary Auditory Cortex processes sound information, allowing us to interpret pitch, volume, and rhythm It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain

Question 30

primary motor cortex

Answer 30

The Primary Motor Cortex controls voluntary movements by sending signals to muscles in the body It is located in the frontal lobe

Question 31

What is meant by "contralateral processing" in the brain?

Answer 31

Contralateral processing means that the brain areas process information from the opposite side of the body (e.g., the left motor cortex controls the right side of the body).

Question 32

Which senses do not follow contralateral processing?

Answer 32

Olfaction (smell) and taste do not follow the contralateral processing pattern.