Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Amygdala

Answer 1

Anterior temporal lobe , above hippocampal formation

Limbic system

Question 2

Components of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 2

Striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)
Subthalamic nucleus
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra (divided into pars compacta and pars reticulate)

Question 3

Putamen and globus pallidus are collectively referred to as….

Answer 3

Lenticular nucleus

Question 4

Four conditions arising from basal ganglia

Answer 4

Huntington’s chorea (caudate nucleus)
Wilson’s disease (copper deposition in basal ganglia)
Parkinson’s disease (substantia nigra)
Hemiballism (subthalamic nucleus)

Question 5

BBB Circumventricular Organs

Answer 5

Pineal body
Posterior pituitary
Area postrema
Subfornical organ
Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
Median eminence

Question 6

BBB

Answer 6

Endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions
Lipid soluble molecules pass through relatively easily whereas water soluble ones do not.
Large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily
Molecules that are highly charged struggle to pass through
The permeability of the BBB increases when it is inflamed
Nasally administered drugs can theoretically bypass the BBB
The BBB is fenestrated at the circumventricular organs

Question 7

Contains the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and is involved in complex learning

Answer 7

Frontal lobe

Question 8

Contains the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) and is involved in language acquisition

Answer 8

Parietal lobe

Question 9

Processes visual information and is related to our understanding of the written word

Answer 9

Occipital lobe

Question 10

Processes information associated with hearing and equilibrium

Answer 10

Temporal lobe

Question 11

Region of the cerebrum deep within the lateral sulcus; processes information associated with hearing and equilibrium

Answer 11

Insula

Question 12

The major bridge of white fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 12

Corpus callosum

Question 13

Bridge of white matter inferior to the corpus callosum; links regions of the limbic system (‘emotional’ brain) together

Answer 13

Fornix

Question 14

Bridge of white fibres found near the anterior tip of the corpus callosum; connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 14

Anterior commissure

Question 15

Part of basal ganglia. Input nuclei, control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Also involved in eye movement, reward seeking, the pleasurable effects of substance misuse, and learning

Answer 15

Striatum

Question 16

Part of the limbic system. Major role in memory. Early memory storage, formation of long-term memory, and spatial navigation

Answer 16

Hippocampus

Question 17

Almond sized collection of nuclei found in the medial temporal lobe. Key role in processing emotion. Determines the emotional relevance of stimuli (e.g. fear and threat detection). Involved in consolidation of memories which have a strong emotional component

Answer 17

Amygdala

Question 18

80% of the diencephalon. Major relay point and processing centre for all sensory impulses (excluding olfaction). Comprised of numerous nuclei and is involved in most functional areas (motor, emotional, memory, visual, auditory)

Answer 18

Thalamus

Question 19

Composed of several nuclei with a variety of functions. Main functions are homeostasis (by either direct influence over autonomic nervous system or through hormones) and hormone release for other reasons such as growth. The hormone release comes from the pituitary gland (under the control of the hypothalamus)

Answer 19

Hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 20

Unpaired structure (only one per brain). Main function is secretion of melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms

Answer 20

Pineal Gland

Question 21

A relay point most notably involved in memory. When damaged people tend to get a ‘diencephalic amnesia’ characterised by anterograde amnesia. The mamillary bodies are atrophied in Korsakoff’s syndrome. The mamillary bodies also contain cells which note the direction of the head and function like a compass to aid navigation

Answer 21

Mamillary body

Question 22

Associated with bodily posture and locomotion

Answer 22

Vermis

Question 23

Fine, transversely-oriented pleat-like gyri on the surface of the cerebellum; increase surface area

Answer 23

Folia

Question 24

Aka ‘tree of life’. This is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance

Answer 24

Arbor vitae

Question 25

Exist in three pairs (superior, middle, and inferior). The cerebellum communicates with the rest of the nervous system via these peduncles

Answer 25

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 26

Lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 26

Flocculonodular lobe Anterior lobe Posterior lobe

Question 27

Functional divisions of cerebellum

Answer 27

FN lobe = Vestibulocerebellum (balance and spatial orientation) Anterior + posterior combine to form medial section, spinocerebellum (fine-tuned body movements) and lateral section, Cerebrocerebellum (involved in planning movement, and the conscious assessment of movement)

Question 28

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 28

Tentorium cerebelli

Question 29

What connects cerebellum to brain stem

Answer 29

3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles

Question 30

Reduced planum temporale symmetry is seen in which three conditions

Answer 30

dyslexia stuttering schizophrenia

Question 31

Which components of the brain are asymmetrical?

Answer 31

Planum temporale Heschl's gyrus (anterior transverse temporal gyrus in T.lobe)

Question 32

Where is the primary auditory cortex and what Brodmann's area is this?

Answer 32

Heschl's gyrus Brodmann 41

Question 33

Which triangular region forms the heart of Wernicke's area

Answer 33

Planum temporale

Question 34

Oldest part of the cortex, connects the limbic system to the cortex

Answer 34

Archicortex

Question 35

associated with the olfactory system

Answer 35

Paleocortex

Question 36

Accounts for 90% of the cortex

Answer 36

Neocortex

Question 37

Layers of the Neocortex

Answer 37

Layer I - Molecular layer Layer II - External granular layer Layer III - External pyramidal layer Layer IV - Internal granular layer Layer V - Internal pyramidal Layer VI - Multiform MEGEP IGIP M

Question 38

Cell types in neocortex

Answer 38

Pyramidal cells Non-pyramidal cells (granular/stellate cells). There are two types of non-pyramidal cell, one excitatory (glutamate), and one inhibitory (GABA).

Question 39

Processing emotions and regulating the endocrine and autonomic responses to emotions Reward-based decision making

Answer 39

Cingulate gyrus