"Wrong" Flashcards by Megan Barrett

What is the sensory component of the gag reflex

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

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Approx 20% of patients with ASD have what?

Macrocephaly (develops during childhood)

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Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells are all examples of what?

Glia

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Degeneration of which of the following structure is thought to lead to the loss of cholinergic innervation seen in Alzheimer’s?

Nucleus of meynert

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The agonist effect of SSRIs on which of the following receptors most likely results in anorgasmia?

5HT2C

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Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin?

L aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

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The motor component of which reflex involves the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerve?

Vestibulo-ocular

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likely to present with a spastic dysarthria?

Pseudo bulbar palsy

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Where in the brain is the fornix found

Cerebrum

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Where in the brain is the hippocampus found

Temporal lobes, cerebrum

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Where in the brain is the pineal gland found

Diencephalon

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Multisystem atrophy - can you treat PD symptoms with PD meds?

No - They are characterised by a poor response to Parkinson’s treatment such as levodopa.

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serotonin receptor involved in circadian rhythms

5HT 7

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Is the pH of CSF the same, lower or higher than plasma?

Lower - more acidic

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What would you most expect to be seen on an EEG during stage III sleep in a normal, healthy person?

Delta waves

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What waves do you see in meditation

Theta, plus gamma in very experienced meditators

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On an examination of a patient who is suspected to have had a stroke you note that the tongue deviates towards the right. Which nerve do you suspect is affected?

Right hypoglossal

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Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum. From which hypothalamic nuclei does it originate from?

Arcuate

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The cingulum is what kind of white matter?

Association tract

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Which cerebral tumour is most likely to be found on the walls of the ventricles?

Ependymoma

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Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the third to the fourth ventricle via the

Aqueduct of sylvius

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cell types provides structural support in the central nervous system?

Astrocytes

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The site of synthesis of norepinephrine

Locus coeruleus

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The amino acid which is the chemical precursur of serotonin

5-hydroxytryptophan

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A breakdown product of serotonin

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

Alpha-synuclein and ubiquitun

Lewy bodies

Pick bodies are composed of

Tau

pyramidal cell neurons located within the grey matter of the motor cortex

Betz cells

A lesion in which of the following cranial nerves will result in a hoarse voice and dysphagia?

Vagus

Hypothalamic nucleus Controls thermoregulation and reproductive behaviours

Preoptic

Hypothalamic nucleus Produces anti-diuretic hormone

Supraoptic

Which stage of sleep is characterised by hypnic jerks and theta waves on the EEG?

Stage 1

Leptin receptors are most abundant in which of the following hypothalamic nuclei?

Arcuate

An elderly patient attends clinic and tells you that they have become unable to see more than one object at a time. This has resulted in them bumping into things when they try to walk around. Which of the following do you suspect?

Bilateral parieto-occipital dysfunction (Simultanagnoisa/balint's syndrome)

The Nissl substance is responsible for what function inside a neuron?

Protein synthesis

The nucleus of Meynert is located where

Substantia innominata, basal forebrain

most common type of primary brain tumour in adults?

Glioblastoma multiforme

A patient with astereognosia is unable to do what?

Recognise objects by touch

Secreted by the stomach to increase hunger

Ghrelin

Secreted by the intestine and acts as an appetite suppressant

Cholecystokinin

Secreted by Adipose tissue and acts on receptors in the hypothalamus where it inhibits appetite

Leptin

Secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum Stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to secrete gastric juice (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and the proteolytic enzyme pepsin)

Gastrin

Secreted by cells in the gastric glands of the stomach On the stomach (thus a paracrine effect) it inhibits the release of gastrin and hydrochloric acid On the duodenum it inhibits the release of secretin and cholecystokinin On the pancreas it inhibits the release of glucagon

Somatostatin

Secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to the acidic contents of the emptying stomach Stimulates the exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the pancreatic fluid (thus neutralizing the acidity of the intestinal contents)

Secretin

Geniculocalcarine tract is what kind of white matter

Projection tract

A 38 year old, obese lady reports recurrent intermittent unilateral visual loss associated with pain over the past 2 years. She wonders if it might be related to her use of fluoxetine which you prescribed her for depression. Which of the following do you most suspect?

wave form corresponds to a frequency of 4-8 Hz?

Theta

Regular, fast, generalised spike and wave activity seen in which of the following?

Myoclonic epilepsy

Which region of the cerebellum is involved in the control of fine-tuned body movements?

Spinocerebellum

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for what function inside a neuron?

Packaging of macromolecules

Nitric oxide has been suggested as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of which condition?

Depression

Which brain part plays a central role in the neural circuitry of drug addiction by integrating highly specific information about the environment and past experience?

Nucleus accumbens

The receptor of which of the following inhibitory neurotransmitters is antagonised by strychnine leading to strychnine poisoning?

Glycine

Main inhibitory NTs

Gaba and glycine

Main excitatory NTs

Glutamate and aspartate

During an EEG recording, a patient who is relaxed with their eyes closed is asked to open their eyes and read a passage of text in front of them. What EEG change would you expect to find?

Bilateral disappearance of alpha waves

main constituent of Hirano bodies?

Actin

Transcortical motor aphasia would result from occlusion of which artery?

Anterior cerebral

Generalised diffuse delta and theta waves on an EEG are most consistent with

Metabolic encephalopathy

Delta waves should only be seen in

deep sleep (stages III and IV).

Excessive dopaminergic activity in which of the following areas is suggested as the major pathway in psychosis?

Striatum

connects regions of the frontal lobe with regions of the temporal lobe of the same hemisphere?

Superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus

Gyrus Noted to have reduced gray matter volumes in schizophrenia

Superior temporal gyrus

Gyrus Involved in dreaming

Lingual gyrus

Role of dentate gyrus

formation of episodic memory - hippocampus

Role of postcentral gyrus (and location)

Parietal lobe, Touch

The term 'intrinsic activity' used to describe drug/receptor interactions is also known as what

Efficacy

Which of the following receptors is rosette shaped?

Nicotinic acetylcholine

Differences in pallor in PSP vs PD

PD = pallor in SN + LC PSP = pallor in SN only

A lesion in the vagus nerve is most likely to affect which cranial nerve reflex?

Gag reflex

Can serotonin cross the BBB

Which axons is responsible for the sharp initial pain felt when one receives an injury?

A-delta

Which axon if responsible for slow, dull, longer lasting, second pain.

C fibres

Which type of axon is unmyelinated?

C fibres

Which axon is responsible for proprioception

A alpha

Which axon is responsible for touch

A beta

Which axon is responsible for itch

C fibres

Which structure transmits the middle meningeal artery?

Foramen spinosum

Amino acid NTS

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate

How do most antipsychotics work

Blockage of D-2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway

The fissure of Rolando divides which

Frontal and parietal

A patient with Parkinson's disease is observed to walk with short, jerky steps.

Festinating gait

A man with a long history of heavy alcohol consumption walks into clinic and is noted to have an unsteady gait with a wide base.

Ataxic gait

An old man attends the ward round an as he enters the room you notice that his stance phase is abnormally short compared to the swing phase.

Antalgic gait

What is the falx cerebri

Layer of dura mater separating the cerebral hemispheres

An increase in Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in cortical areas compared to controls has been demonstrated for which condition

Schizophrenia

The Sylvian fissure divides

frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

Balloon cells are typically associated with

Picks disease

A 65 year old man presents with a rapidly progressive dementing illness, with severe cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs and myoclonus.

Highly suggestive of sporadic CJD which produces biphasic and triphasic sharp wave complexes.

A 70 year old woman with no psychiatric history presents to A&E as agitated, and confused, with an altered sleep-wake cycle. She appears to be responding to unseen stimuli.

Her presentation is consistent with delirium, which characteristically shows generalised (diffuse) slowing on the EEG.

Where is the cribiform plate and what does it do

Anterior Cranial fossa part of the ethmoid bone separates the nasal cavity from the brain

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis constitutes what percentage of all cases of multiple sclerosis?

10%

The cerebellum develops from which area of the embryonic brain?

Metencephalon

The motor component of which reflex involves cranial nerve VII

Corneal reflex

Which interleukin has been most consistently found to be in higher concentrations in depressed subjects compared with controls?

Il 6

Where is the lesion: Wernicke's aphasia

Dominant temoral lobe

Where is the lesion: Finger agnosia

Dominant parietal lobe

Where is the lesion: Contralateral hemiplegia

Non dominant frontal lobe

Internal capsule is a

Projection tract

Cingulum is a

association tract

What are Mallory bodies seen in

Wilson's disease

The term 'punch drunk syndrome' was first used by who

Martland

Seizure with lack of awareness associated with aura is highly suggestive of

Complex partial seizure

Is dopamine metabotropic or ionotropic

Metabotropic

The retina develops from which area of the embryonic brain?

Diencephalon

Microglia are thought to be derived from the

Mesoderm

Microglia are in the...

CNS and spinal cord

Do microglia produce myelin

What are microglia sensitive to changes in

Extracellular potassium

Microglia constitute approx what % of the glial population

15%