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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Small molecules Class I

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

Small molecules Class II

A

AMINES:
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine, Epinephrine

DENSH

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3
Q

Small molecules Class III

A

AMINO ACIDS:
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate

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4
Q

Small molecules Class IV

A

SOLUBLE GASES:
Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide

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5
Q

Large molecules

A

Neuropeptides (e.g. substance P, Somatostatin, Cholecystokinin), Endorphins (e.g. enkephalin), Oxytocin, Cannabinoids

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6
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory

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7
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Epinephrine

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory

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9
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Dopamine

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

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10
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Serotonin

A

Excitatory

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11
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Glutamate

A

Excitatory

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12
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Glycine

A

Mainly inhibitory

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13
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
g-Aminobutiric acid (GABA)

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

GABA A = Ionotropic
GABA B = Metabotropic

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15
Q

Glutamate - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Both
(Excitatory ionotropic)

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16
Q

Glycine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Ionotropic (inhibitory)

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17
Q

Dopamine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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18
Q

Noradrenaline - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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19
Q

Adrenaline - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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20
Q

Serotonin - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic
OTHER THAN 5HT3 = ionotropic

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21
Q

Histamine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

22
Q

Acetylcholine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Nicotininc = ionotropic
Muscarinic = metabotropic

M=M

23
Q

Acetylcholine synthesised in

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

24
Q

Dopamine synthesised in

A

substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and hypothalamus

25
Serotonin synthesised in
Raphe nucleus Enterochromaffin cells in stomach
26
GABA synthesised in
Brain
27
Noradrenaline synthesised in
Locus coeruleus (aka 'the blue spot), in pons
28
Acetylcholine synthesis - enzymes involved
Acetylcholine is formed from choline within neurons. Choline acetlytransferase transfers an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme-A to choline resulting in acetylcholine.
29
Dopamine enzymes involved - SYNTHESIS
SYNTHESIS: TYROSINE - tyrosine hydroxylase --> L DOPA - dopa decarboxylase --> DOPAMINE
30
Serotonin synthesis - enzymes involved
Transformation of L-tryptophan into serotonin involves two steps: Hydroxylation to 5-hydroxytryptophan catalysed by tryptophan hydroxylase Followed by decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
31
Noradrenaline synthesis - enzymes involved
As per dopamine, then dopamine --> norad by dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Norepinephrine is then converted to epinephrine by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.
32
GABA synthesis - enzymes involved
Synthesised from glutamate
33
Dopamine enzymes involved - METABOLISM
DOPAMINE -catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) --> 3-METHOXYTYRAMINE / DOPAMINE - monoamine oxidase (MAO) --> 3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYL-ACETIC ACID3 NB It is metabolised by both forms of MAO (MAO-A and MAO-B).
34
GABA A agonists
ethanol benzodiazepines z-drugs barbiturates
35
GABA A antagonist
Flumazenil
36
GABA B agonists
baclofen GHB
37
Serotonin metabolism - enzymes
MAO and then aldehyde dehydogenase to 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).
38
GABA metabolism - enzymes
GABA transaminase (valproate is a GABA-transaminase inhibitor).
39
Noradrenaline metabolism - enzymes
MAO and COMT
40
Acetylcholine metabolism - enzymes
Broken down to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase
41
Histamine metabolised by?
Histamine methyltransferase & MAO
42
H1 receptor location
CNS tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium
43
H1 receptor function
Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, pain and itching from stings
44
H2 receptor location
Parietal cells in stomach
45
H2 receptor function
Stimulates gastric acid secretion
46
H3 receptor location
Central and peripheral nervous tissue
47
H3 receptor function
Decreases the release of other neurotransmitters (serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine)
48
H4 receptor location
Basophils
49
H4 receptor function
Chemotaxis (cellular movement)
50
Histamine synthesis
From histidine by histidine decarboxylase

Neurosciences (19 decks)

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