neuroanatomy

Question 1

what does nervous system consist of

Answer 1

CNS- brain and spinal cord
PNS- cranial and spinal nerves

Question 2

afferent nerves

Answer 2

carry sensory informations to CNS

Question 3

efferent nerves

Answer 3

carry sensory informations from CNS

Question 4

visceral nerve fibers

Answer 4

supply to visceral organs like cardiovascular

Question 5

somatic nerve fibers

Answer 5

compromise sensory and motor fibers for body structures like muscles

Question 6

what does brain consist of

Answer 6

telencephalon
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

Question 7

brain can also be divided into

Answer 7

prosencephalon [forebrain]
mesencephalon [midbrain]
rhombencephalon [hindbrain]

Question 8

forebrain

Answer 8

includes
Telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 9

hindbrain

Answer 9

includes
Pons, bulbus [medulla oblongata] and cerebellum

Question 10

which part of the brain is the largest part

Answer 10

telencephalon/cerebrum

Question 11

what is cerebrum consist of

Answer 11

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
portion of limbic system

Question 12

which part of brain have high sensory, motor and integrative components

Answer 12

cerebrum/telencephalon

Question 13

which part of brain responsible for speech, understanding and consciousness

Answer 13

telencephalon

Question 14

where does neuron bodies located in the hemispherium cerebri

Answer 14

in cerebral cortex

Question 15

brain hemisphere consist of/ lobes of the brain

Answer 15

• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Temporary lobe
• Insular lobe
• Limbic lobe

Question 16

largest lobe of the brain which is also known as motor lobe

Answer 16

frontal

Question 17

which part of brain hemisphere is a center for emotion and ethical behavior

Answer 17

frontal lobe

Question 18

responsibilities of frontal lobe

Answer 18

• Organization and initiation of voluntary movements
• Motor control of speech
• Problem solving, judging, planning and aiming

Question 19

what indicates that frontal lobe is affected

Answer 19

psychotic symptoms
loss of control of behavior
unaware of situation
personality balance is disturbed

Question 20

which lobe is mostly responsible for sensory perception

Answer 20

parietal lobe

Question 21

which among the lobes is the smallest and responsible for vision

Answer 21

Occipital lobe

Question 22

what is temporal lobe responsible for

Answer 22

hearing and memory

Question 23

this lobe is found inside lateral fissure and responsible for regulation of autonomic functions and nociception

Answer 23

insular lobe

Question 24

this lobe is not a true lobe but responsible for memory, learning and emotional functions

Answer 24

limbic lobe

Question 25

what is limbic system consist of

Answer 25

hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

responsible for emotion, learning and memory.

Question 27

what does limbic system do incase of strong emotions

Answer 27

increase heartbeat heartburn frequent breathing twitching snort etc

Question 28

diencephalon compromise of

Answer 28

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus

Question 29

where does all the sensory informations except smell pass to

Answer 29

thalamus

Question 30

responsible for homeostasis, sleep, memory and endocrine control

Answer 30

hypothalamus

Question 31

Epithalamus

Answer 31

contain pineal gland which secretes melatonin for circadian rhythm

Question 32

Subthalamus

Answer 32

a control center for PNS it connects endocrine with limbic system and nervous system

Question 33

where does regulation of thalamocortical pathway and consciousness occurs

Answer 33

reticular nucleus

Question 34

what is reticular formation

Answer 34

the diffusion of mass of neurons and nerves fibers that make core of brainstem

Question 35

what does reticular paths do

Answer 35

maintain tone balance posture relay eye ear signals

Question 36

what is the shortest part of brainstem

Answer 36

mesencephalon

Question 37

about mesencephalon

Answer 37

*It has substantial nigra for motor function and has a cell that produce dopamine that used for coordinate muscles movements * Has red nucleus responsible for crawling in babies and it lesion can cause tremors and abnormal muscle tone * Has periaqueductal gray [PAG] responsible for -autonomic functions -motivated behaviors and behavioral responsible - primary control center for pain modulation by having enkephalin producing cells

Question 38

What is PONS responsible for

Answer 38

* They generated respiratory rhythm breathing together with medulla oblongata * Responsible REM sleep

Question 39

what is bulbus

Answer 39

* It is also known as Medulla oblongata * Responsible for control of autonomic functions * Regulates - respiration - sympathetic and parasympathetic - vasomotor center - reflex center for swallowing, vomiting

Question 40

what are the characteristics and responsibilities of cerebellum?

Answer 40

- located at the back of the brain - it contain 50% of total number of neurons - responsible for balance posture coordination motor learning cognitive function

Question 41

what are the division and function of each part of cerebellum

Answer 41

* Spinocerebellum = regulates body movements * Cerebrocerebellum = planning movements and motor learning * Vestibulocerebellum = balance and reflex especially vestibuloocular reflex

Question 42

what can damaged cerebellum cause

Answer 42

Ataxia = loss of voluntary movements Dysdiaclochokinesia = inability to perform rapid alternating movements Dysmetria = inability to control distance, speed and rom Dystonia = loss of involuntary contraction of muscle Unsteady gait Tremors Vertigo Cognitive impairment

Question 43

spinocerebral pathways

Answer 43

Dorsal spinocerebral tract Ventral spinocerebral tract Cuneo cerebellar tract Rostral spinocerebellar tract

Question 44

Pyramidal pathway

Answer 44

Corticospinal tract = [ lateral and anterior] * Body voluntary control Corticobulbar tract * Face, head and neck voluntary control

Question 45

Extrapyramidal pathway

Answer 45

carry motor fibers to spinal cord