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PSYC 355 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A
  • anterior
  • front
  • near nose
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2
Q

caudal

A
  • posterior
  • back
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3
Q

dorsal

A

top/up

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4
Q

ventral

A

bottom/down

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5
Q

lateral

A
  • side
  • further from midline
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6
Q

medial

A

close to midline

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7
Q

planes of section

A
  1. midsagittal
  2. horizontal
  3. coronal
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8
Q

midsagittal plane

A

cutting brain between the 2 hemispheres
- a sagitta plane would be anything parallel to this line

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9
Q

horizontal plane

A
  • splits into dorsal and ventral parts
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10
Q

coronal plane

A
  • splits into anterior and posterior
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11
Q

major divisions of the CNS

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. brain stem
  3. cerebellum
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12
Q

what is the cerebrum

A
  • biggest part of the brain
  • split in two hemispheres
  • rostral
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13
Q

brain stem

A
  • stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and vcerebellum sprout
  • relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and cerebellum
  • vital functions
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14
Q

cerebellum

A
  • behind the cerebrum
  • movement center
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15
Q

Spinal canal

A

tissues that expanded inside the neural tube which created the narrow ventricle that is filled with CSF

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16
Q

branches of spinal nerves

A
  1. dorsal root
  2. ventral root
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17
Q

dorsal root

A

has axons entering the spinal cord with sensory information (afferent)
- the cell bodies are outside in the dorsal root ganglia

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18
Q

Ventral root

A

has axons that carry motor (efferent) information out of the spinal cord
- cells bodies inside the spinal cord

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19
Q

Grey matter of the spinal cord

A
  • in the center
  • where the cell bodies are
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20
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

area on the outsides made up of myelinated axons

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21
Q

parts of the PNS

A
  1. somatic: voluntary
  2. visceral: automatic
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22
Q

Meninges

A

membrane that wraps around the brain and spinal cord to protect it
- made up of three layers

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23
Q

layers of the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
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24
Q

dura mater

A
  • top most layer of the meninges
  • very tough and protective
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25
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • meninges layer below dura mater
  • spider web appearance and consistency
  • made of connective tissue
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26
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that separates the arachnoid and pia mater

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27
Q

Pia mater

A

smallest layer closest to the cortex
- carries small vessels

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • bathes the brain and the spinal cord
  • acts as a shock absorber
  • there are 4 ventricles that hold it
  • made in the choroid plexus
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29
Q

steps of neurulation

A
  1. flat disk embryo
  2. ectoderm turns into neural plate
  3. folds into the neural groove
    -4. neural folds fuse together to form the neural tube
  4. neural crest is pinched off
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30
Q

layers of the embryo

A
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
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31
Q

neural plate

A

made from the ectoderm
- it folds to create the tube

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32
Q

neural tube

A

the entirety of the nervous system develops from the neural tube

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33
Q

neural crest

A

all neurons and cell bodies in the PNS are derived from the neural crest

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34
Q

anencephaly

A
  • when the neural tube does not close so the forebrain and skull dont develop
  • fatal
35
Q

spina bifida

A
  • the posterior part of the neural tube does not close correctly
36
Q

first differentiations from the neural tube

A
  • the spinal cord forms first from the caudal part of the neural tube
  • three vesicles form the brain from the rostral part of the tube
37
Q

primary vesicles

A
  1. prosencephalon = forebrain
  2. mesencephalon = midbrian
  3. rhombencephalon = hindbrain
38
Q

secondary vesicles of prosencephalon

A
  • optic vesicle
  • telencephalic vesicle
  • diencephalon
39
Q

diencephalon

A
  • in the forebrain
  • middle part between the outgrowths
  • contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
40
Q

telencephalon

A
  • in the forebrain
  • aka enbrain
  • the two cerebral hemispheres
  • contains the olfactory bulbs, hemispheres and basal ganglia
  • cover the forebrain and hindbrain
41
Q

lateral ventricles

A
  • fluid filled space in each central hemisphere
  • surrounded by the telencephalon in the forebrain
42
Q

third ventricle

A
  • space in the center of the diencephalon
  • in the forebrain
43
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • in the diencephalon of the forebrain
  • controls automatic reactions and fight or flight responses
44
Q

thalamus

A
  • in diencephalon of the forebrain
  • relay station for sensory processing
45
Q

grey matter systems in the telencephalon

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. basal telencephalon
46
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer of the brain
  • what makes us human
  • receives sensory information
  • commands voluntary movement
  • made of grey matter that is folded
47
Q

basal telencephalon

A
  • in the telencepahlon of the forebrain
  • deep inside
  • contains the basal ganglia which communicate
48
Q

white matter systems in the telencephalon

A
  1. cortical white matter
  2. corpus callosum
  3. internal capsule
49
Q

cortical white matter

A
  • contains axons that run to and from the neurons in the cerebral cortex
50
Q

corpus callosum

A

forms thick axonal bridge that connects the two hemispheres

51
Q

internal capsule

A

links the cortex with the brain stem

52
Q

function of the forebrain

A

the seat of perception, consciousness, cognition and voluntary action

53
Q

mesencephalon

A
  • midbrain
  • contain the tectum, tagmentum, and cerebral aqueduct
54
Q

tectum

A
  • the dorsal part of the mesencephalic vesicle
  • contains the inferior and superior colliculus
55
Q

superior colliculus

A

receives direct input from the eye and control eye movement

56
Q

inferior colliculus

A

relay station for auditory information

57
Q

tegmentum

A
  • floor of the mesencephalic
  • voluntary movement, regulating consciousness, mood, pleasure and pain
58
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A
  • narrow passage of CSF in the midbrain that connects to the third ventricle of the diencephalon
59
Q

function of the midbrain

A
  • channel for information form spinal cord and forebrain
  • sensory neurons, motor neurons, and consciousness mood pleasure and pain
60
Q

rhombencephalon

A
  • hindbrain
  • contains the cerebellum, pons, medulla, and fourth ventricle
  • has two halves: the metencephalon and the meyelencephalon
61
Q

fourth ventricle

A
  • the CSF ventricle in the hindbrain that connects to the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain
62
Q

metencephalon

A
  • rostral part of the hindbrain
  • contains the cerebellum and pons
63
Q

cerebellum

A
  • formed by the rhombic lip in the hindbrain
  • dorsal to pons
  • movement control center
  • receives information from the pons and spinal cord
64
Q

pons

A
  • grows ventrally under the cerebellum
  • links brain to spinal cords
  • carry sensory and motor info
  • transmits signals between forebrain and cerebellum
  • “bridge”
65
Q

myelencephalon

A
  • caudal part of the hindbrain
  • contains the medulla
  • has many myelinated fibers
66
Q

medulla obloganda

A
  • control things like breathing
  • contains medullary pyramids (white matter) –> makes things cross over to contralateral sides
67
Q

functions of the hindbrain

A
  • conduit for info passing from forebrain to spinal cord
68
Q

sulci

A

grooves in the cortex

69
Q

gurus

A

bumps in the cortex

70
Q

common feature of animal cerebral cortices

A
  1. its separated in layers
  2. the layer closest to pia mater is separated by a zone without neurons
  3. has one layer with pyramidal cells
70
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
  5. insula
70
Q

insula cortex

A

taste and feelings like disgust
- processes immune information

70
Q

central sulcus

A

deep sulci that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

71
Q

3 major divisions of the cortex

A
  1. neocortex
  2. paleocortex
  3. archicortex
72
Q

neocortex

A
  • has 6 layers
  • only in mammals
  • newest layers
  • the different layers have different functions
73
Q

paleocortex

A
  • olfactory cortex
  • has 2 layers
  • seprated by rhinal fissure
74
Q

archicortex

A
  • has the hippocampus
  • one layer folded on itself
  • responsible for memories
75
Q

cytoarchitectural map

A

broadmann separated the cortex into areas based on their cytoarchitectures
- the difference in cytoarchitecture suggests differences in functions

76
Q

types of cortex

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. association
77
Q

association areas

A
  • all the areas that are not motor or sensory
  • a lot of areas
  • the mind and personality (mental states)
78
Q

amygdala

A
  • emotional processing
  • fear
  • telencephalon
  • deep in the temporal lobe
79
Q

hippocampus

A
  • seahorse
  • memory
  • next to amydgala in the temporal lobe
80
Q
A

PSYC 355 (6 decks)

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