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PSYC 355 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Nissl stain

A

Franz Nissl made a dye that stains only the nucleus and some surrounding clumps (nissl bodies)
- shows the difference between glia and neurons but didnt show real shape

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2
Q

Golgi stain

A
  • 1837
  • camillo golgi made a stain that showed all parts of the neuron (axons/dendrites and soma)
  • made of silver chromate solution
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3
Q

parts of the neuron

A
  • soma
  • dendrite
  • axon
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4
Q

cell membrane

A
  • cell skin with a lipid bilayer made of hydophilic heads and hydrophobic bodies
  • has pores/channels/pumps in it
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4
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body
  • around 20um but can vary
  • filled with cytoplams
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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

the organelles and cytosol
- not including nucleus

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6
Q

cytosol

A

slaty potassium rich aquous fluid where organelles float

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

receive input signals from other cells
- can be many
- not as long as axon

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8
Q

Axon

A
  • typically longest branch but can vary
  • sends output signals
  • can branch into axon collaterals
  • no protein synthesis (no er/ribosome)
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9
Q

Nucelus

A

sphere at the center of the soma
- abut 5-10 um
- contains chromosones with dna

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

membrane with small pores that contains the nucleus

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

genetic code

A

blueprint for making proteins

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13
Q

DNA

A
  • would be 2 meter
  • contains in 46 chromosones
  • each cell has the same dna but uses different parts
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14
Q

complementary chromosome pairs

A

adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosin

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15
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

maze of mebrane dotted with ribosomes

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16
Q

ribosomes

A

where proteins are assembled
- not all of them are in the ER

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies proteins and packages them for export
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18
Q

smooth ER

A

folding of proteins and regulates internal concentration of calcium

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces ATP from pyruvic acid and O2

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

maintains the shape of the cell
- contains microtubules, neurofilaments, microfilaments
- dynamic

21
Q

microtubules

A
  • large and hollow
  • made of tubulin
  • run down the neurites
  • biggest
22
Q

Neurofilaments

A
  • very strong
  • coiled
  • medium
23
Q

microfilament

A
  • built from actin
  • dynamically adjust cell shape
  • smallest
24
gene expression
- reading the DNA
25
if cells have the same DNA how are they different?
Because of proteins
26
function of proteins
1. determine structure (cytoskeleton) (actin/tubulin are proteins) 2. determine the function of neurons - chemical reactions - properties of cell membrane
27
protein properties of cell membrane
- neuroreceptors on dendrites - channels on axons
28
Structure of proteins
- proteins are made combinations of 20 amino acids - can be primary, secondary, tertiary or quartiary - shape determines its function - shape destroyed by heat
29
polypeptides
long chains of amino acids
30
amino acids
has a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and a residue (R group) - residue affects it shape because can be hydrophillic or phobic - order of amino acid determined by DNA
31
what is a gene made up of
- its a sequence of codons that make up a given protein
32
Transcription
- copying of DNA onto RNA because it cant leave nucleus so it need a copy - Adenine with Uracil - goes to ribosomes (mRNA)
33
translation
making the protein from the ribosomes - each amino acid is coded by 3 bases - to make a protein which is sometimes cut from larger pieces
34
ER vs free ribosomes
- proteins made from free riosomes stay in cytosol (enzymes) and on the ER will go to organelles or membrane
35
Fragile X syndrome
mutation of the FMR1 gene on the X chromosone which should make a protein called FMRP - but too many CGG repeats turns this gene off and will not make FMRP which causes intellectual delays - males more affected
36
Axon terminal
end of axon (terminal button) - contains vesicles - no microtubules - many mitochondria
37
Anterograde Axoplasmic transport
Kenesin legs move the vesicles down microtubules (uses ATP) - fast
38
retrograde
- transport protein from terminal to soma to tell about metabolic changes - uses dynein legs
39
types of dendrites
shape: pyramidal or stellate spine: spiny or aspynous - spines add surface areas
40
classifying neurons
1. number of neurites (unipolar, bipolar or multipolar) 2. dendrite types (shape/spine) 3. connections (motor/sensory/internueron) 4. axon length (short/long -->golgi I/II) 5. NT type
41
Glia
- supporting cells - make up 50% of cells in the brain - some can modulate communication between neurons - many types with different functions
42
Glia in the CNS
- astrocytes - ependymel - oligodendrocytes - microglia
43
Glia in PNS
- satelite cells - Shwan cells
44
Astrocytes
- star shapes - physical support to neurons - support neuronal metabolism (carries nutrients from capillaries) - regulate extracellulare fluid - help with BBB - carry Nt receptors
45
oligodendrocytes
- myelinate in the CNS - one cell insulates many axon segments - anchoring of the axons
46
Schwan cells
- also myleinate but in the PNS - one cells insulates one axons
47
Microglia
- smallest of the glia cells - active immune defense in the CNS - protect from invaders and clean up waste
48
neuron doctrine
each neuron is its own entity and is separated from other by small spaces - Cajal - took 50 years to prove him right
49
Reticular theory
- neurons are not distinct. they are fused and act as a whole - Golgi - can kinda be right if we look at gap junctions

PSYC 355 (6 decks)

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