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PSYC 355 > Presynaptic Nt transmission > Flashcards

Presynaptic Nt transmission Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of NT

A
  1. amino acids
  2. amines
  3. peptides
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2
Q

steps to protein

A

amino acid - peptide - poly peptide - protein

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3
Q

criteria for classifying NTs

A
  1. synthesis and localization
  2. release
  3. response mimicry
  4. inactivation
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4
Q

Synthesis

A

the candidate NT and its enzyme must be shown to be contained in the same neuron or axon terminal

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5
Q

methods of synthesis/localization

A
  1. immunocytochemistry
  2. in situ hybridization
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6
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

Using labelled antibodies to anatomically localize NTs or enzymes that make it

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7
Q

steps of immunocytochemistry

A
  • Nt candidate is injected into animal
  • antibody should attach to candidate
  • antibody is taken out and dyed
  • inject it back into the cells and it so they will color the cells that cntaint that NT
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8
Q

In situ hybridization

A
  • tagging a strand of complementary mRNA which synthesizes a molecule
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9
Q

steps of in situ hybridization

A
  • build synthetically a a complementary mRNA strand to the one of interest
  • color that mRNA
  • see if where it attaches to the mRNA that synthesizes the enzyme of interest
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10
Q

release

A

NTs released by the presynaptic neuron must be released once activated

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11
Q

How to show release

A
  • taking a smaple of fluid that bathes the neurons and testing whether it mimics the activity of the intact synapses
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12
Q

optogenetics

A

using light to stimulate one specific type of Nt in the brain at a time

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13
Q

response mimicry

A

in experiments, the candidate must produce a response that is the same of the response of the post synaptic neuron to that NT

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14
Q

methods for release

A

optogentics

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15
Q

Iontophresis

A
  • Nt candidate is dissolved in a solution that gives it a net charge. then is slowly released from a pipette next to the presynaptic membrane of a neuron to see if iy has the same effects as the NT
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16
Q

Inactivation

A
  • molecule needs to be actively removed from synaptic cleft
  • degradation or reuptake
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17
Q

Peptide synthesis

A

peptides are synthesized in the soma of the neuron and transported by the secretory granules to the axon terminal

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18
Q

synthesis of amines and amino acids

A

they are synthesized from precursor molecules in the cytosol and stored in vesicles in the axon terminal
- precursors are modifified by by enzymes

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19
Q

dale’s principle

A

one Nt is made in one cell
- false, there could be different NTs in one cell

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20
Q

Rate limiting steps

A

-a controllling step allows for the overall control of Nt synthesis
- to regulate

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21
Q

Amine NT

A
  • acetylcholine
  • catecholamines
  • serotonin
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22
Q

synthesis of acetycholine

A
  • the enzyme ChAt is made in the soma and then syntheiszes ACh in the terminal from choline (precursor) and acetyl
  • then degraded back into acetic acid and choline by AChe
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23
Q

catecholines

A
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
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24
Q

precursor of catecholimes

A

Tyrosine

25
Q

steps of catecholamines

A
  1. hydroxylation: tyrosine –> dopa
  2. decarboxylation: dopa –> DA
26
Q

norepinephrine

A

precursor is dopamine

27
Q

epinephrine

A

precurosr norepinephrine

28
Q

Degradation of catecholmines

A
  1. MAO
  2. COMT
29
Q

Steps of serotonin synthesis

A
  1. hydroxylation (adding HO)
  2. decarboxylation (take away
30
Q

precursor of serotonin

A

trytophan

31
Q

degradation of srotonin

A

degraded by MAO

32
Q

Amino Acids neurotransmitters

A
  • glutamate
  • glycine
  • GABA
33
Q

glutamate

A
  • main excitatory NT in the brain
34
Q

glycine

A
  • inhibitory NT is found primarily in spinal cord, brainstem and retina
35
Q

GABA

A
  • most common inhibitory Nt in the brain
  • epilepsy
36
Q

precursor to GABA

A

glutamate is the precursor to GABA
- uses GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

37
Q

neuropeptides

A
  • substance P
  • opiod peptides (endorphines)
  • morphine and heroin are exogenous opioids and bind to opiod receptors
  • pain perception
38
Q

retrograde messenger

A
  • endocannabinoids and nitric oxide are retrograde
39
Q

Agonists

A
  • facillate postsynaptic effects
  • mimics effects of neurotransmitters
40
Q

antagonist

A
  • drugs that prevent normal functioning of NT
41
Q

How drugs enhance transmission

A
  • as precurosrs for synthesis
  • activatin receptors directly
  • block degrading enzymes
  • block reuptake
  • increase NT release
42
Q

how drugs inhibit transmission

A
  • reducing synthesis
  • make vesicle leak
  • block receptors
    inhibite depolarization
43
Q

Ach synthesizing enzyme

A

choline acetyltransferas (ChAT)

44
Q

degrading of ACh

A
  • broken by Aceylcholineterase (AChE)
  • broken into acetic acid and choline
45
Q

rate limiting step of ACh

A

bringing choline back in

46
Q

what does L-dopa treat and how

A

its used to treat parkinsons by increases DA available for release
- l-dopa increases synthesis

47
Q

enzyme in hydroxylation of cathecolamines

A

tyrosine hydroxylase synthesizes tyrosine to dopa
TH is the rate limiting step

48
Q

enzyme for dopa to da

A

dopa decarboxylase

49
Q

how do antipsychotics work

A

they block DA receptors and autoreceptors
- DA antagonist

50
Q

how does cocaine work

A

blocks reuptake of dopamine

51
Q

enzyme for DA to NE

A

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase

52
Q

enzyme for NE to EPI

A

PNMT
- degraded by MAO and COMT

53
Q

Prozac

A
  • aka fluoxetine
  • blocks reuptake of serotonin which increases its levels
    -ssri
54
Q

antidepressant iproniazid

A
  • blocks MAO inhibitors for serotonin
55
Q

excitotoxicity

A

when glutamate is in excessive quantities
- can cause strokes

56
Q

Apomorphine acting of DA receptors

A

it activates the receptor directly

57
Q

amphetamine

A

increases DA release

58
Q

AMPT

A

reduces synthesis of DA by inhibits the enzyme TH

PSYC 355 (6 decks)

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