Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Nervous System 2 Components
A
CNS and PNS
2
Q
CNS
A
-body’s control center for processing information and coordinating activity -cerebral cortex
-cerebellum
-diencephalon
-brainstem
-spinal cord
3
Q
PNS
A
-relaying signals between CNS and rest of body
-nerves outside the CNS
4
Q
Functional Divisions of Nervous System
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-autonomic nervous system
-somatic nervous system
5
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
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-regulates heart beat and breathing, fight or flight
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Somatic Nervous System
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-motor control system
-sensory systems
-controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
7
Q
Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
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-Sympathetic Nervous System
-Parasympathetic Nervous System
8
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System
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-excitatory response to stimulation
-prepares body for fight or flight responses, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions associated with stress
9
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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-damping response following excitation
-promotes rest and digest functions, slowing down heart rate, reducing blood pressure, and facilitating digestion
10
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somatic efferent (brain out) system
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-voluntary control of skeletal muscles
-conscious movement and actions
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somatic afferent (back to brain) system
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-transmits sensory information from skin, muscles, joints, and tendons to the CNS
-sensations of touch, temperature, pain and proprioception
12
Q
Proximal
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close to a reference
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Distal
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far from a reference
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Sulci
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infolding, grooves
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Gyrus
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outfolding, bulging
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Dorsal
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top or surface of cerebrum or back of brainstem/spinal cord
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Ventral
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bottom or front of cerebrum or front of brainstem/spinal cord
18
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Rostral
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refers to anterior or front specifically towards frontal lobe or top end of spinal cord
19
Q
Cerebrum Functions
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-higher functions: cognition, language, memory
-integrates sensorimotor functions and perception, making sense of world around us
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Cerebrum Functions (Limbic System)
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regulates emotions and behaviors, different from autonomic nervous system
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Cerebrum Functions (Basal Ganglia)
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regulates motor control, cognitive, emotional functions
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Cerebrum Functions (Thalamus)
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relays sensory information to cerebral cortex (hearing, touch, sight)
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Cerebrum Functions (Hypothalamus)
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regulates body functions such as temp, heart rate, hunger, emotional behavior, sexual response
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Cerebrum Functions (Cerebellum)
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coordination of skilled movements (proprioception, balance, and motor control)
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Cerebrum Functions (Midbrain)
-mediates auditory and visual reflexes
-maintains cortical arousal
-houses cranial nerve nuclei
-connects hindbrain and forebrain
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Cerebrum Functions (Pons)
-houses cranial nerve nuclei
-vital role in breathing, sleep, sensory information processing
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Cerebrum Functions (Medulla)
-regulates respiration, phonations, heartbeat, blood pressure
-regulates reflexes
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Meningeal Linings
-protective layers of tissue over brain and spinal cord
-meninges
-support blood vessels
-form continuous cavity for cerebral spinal fluid to pass
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3 Layers of Meningeal Linings
-dura mater: most superficial, grey
-arachnoid mater: middle, spider web
-pia mater: deepest, blood vessels deep to arachnoid in pia, what covers the structures of cortex and brain stem
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Dura Mater
-tough outermost layer of meninges surrounds and protect brain and spinal cord
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Dura Mater: Epidural Space
space just outside spinal canal dura
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Arachnoid Mater
-delicate, middle layer that resembles spider web
-major arteries and veins course through layer penetrate pia mater
-plays role in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and helps cushion brain and spinal cord
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Dura Mater: Subdural Space
space between dura and arachnoid mater, containing thin layer of serous fluid (clear drainage from a wound)
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Arachnoid Mater: Subarachnoid Space
-filled with CSF as shock absorber
-protects brain and spinal cord from injury
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Pia Mater
-delicate, thin, membranous innermost layer held tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord
-major arteries and veins serving brain surface pass through pia
-does not respond to mechanical or thermal stimulation
-does respond to stretching
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Cortical Lobes
-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe
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Frontal Lobe
located front
-controls movement, decision making, and personality
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Temporal Lobe
sides
-responsible for hearing, language, and memory
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Parietal Lobe
behind frontal lobe
-processes sensory information: touch, temp, pain
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Occipital Lobe
located back
-processes visual information
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Motor Cortex
-located posterior frontal lobe
-region responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements
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Motor Cortex Includes
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area
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Sensory Cortex
-located anterior parietal lobe
-region involved in processing sensory information from 5 senses: vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, somatosensation
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Motor and Sensory Cortex
-sometimes what you sense influences how you move so it makes sense for these two systems to overlap or be close, happens quickly
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2 Smaller Lobes Located Deeper Within Brain: Thalamus
relay center for sensory information
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2 Smaller Lobes Located Deeper Within Brain: Hypothalamus
controls various bodily functions like body temp, hunger and sleep
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Gray Matter
forms outer layer, also found in deeper structures
-primarily composed of neuronal cell bodies
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Gray Matter Function
-responsible for processing and interpreting information: muscle control, sensory perception, memory, emotions, and speech
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White Matter
found beneath gray matter, forms main part of spinal cord
-consists of myelinated (insulation) axons that connect different brain regions
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White Matter Function
transmits information to other parts of nervous system
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Cerebellum
-ball of yarn in back
-located in posterior cranial fossa: below cerebrum and above brainstem
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Cerebellum: 2 Hemispheres
left and right lateral portions
-connected by midline structure: vermis
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Cerebellum: each hemisphere divided into 3 lobes
-anterior lobe
-posterior lobe
-flocculonodular lobe
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Cerebellum: Anterior Lobe
located above primary fissure
-includes anterior 2/3 of superior vermis and anterior third of each hemisphere
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Cerebellum: Posterior Lobe
situated below primary fissure
-larger of two main lobes
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Cerebellum: Flocculonodular
smallest and located below posterolateral fissure
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Cerebellum primary structure responsible for
coordination of fine movement
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Cerebellum: Integrates Somatic Information
-particularly related to vestibular function, muscle/joint sense, and perception of body in space
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The Cerebellum works with
cerebrum in fine-tuning motor plan for optimal execution
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Cerebellum monitors and maintains
background movement that supports fine motor control
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Cerebellum vs Cerebrum
-cerebellum has structurally more neurons
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3 Functional Areas in Cerebellum: vestibulocerebellum
-primarily involved in maintaining balance, equilibrium, and conjugate eye movements
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3 Functional Areas in Cerebellum: spinalcerebellum
involved in posture, coordination, and correction of motor activities
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3 Functional Areas in Cerebellum: Cerebrocerebellum
-involved in planning/initiation of movements, control/correction of voluntary movements, motor learning, and procedural memory
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Brainstem
-oldest and lowest part of brain
-all pathways to and from cerebrum pass through brainstem: can’t get to or out of cortex without brainstem
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Brainstem: controls many vital functions
-breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
-nerves and muscles used in seeing, hearing, walking, talking, and eating
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Brainstem: 3 Parts
-midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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Midbrain
-located between pons and thalamus
-crucial role in processing visual and auditory signals
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Pons
-located between medulla oblongata and midbrain
-rounded bridge-like structure
-crucial roles in various bodily functions
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Medulla Oblongata
-connection brainstem to spinal cord
-comprised of cardiovascular-respiratory regulation system, descending motor tracts, ascending sensory tracts, and origin of cranial nerves (IX, X. XI, and XII)
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Cranial Nerves: contains 10 cranial nerve nuclei
-olfactory and optic nerves originate from forebrain
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Cranial Nerves
-12 paired nerves
-originate directly from brain
-extend various parts of head, neck, and torso
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Cranial Nerves: important in transmitting sensory and motor information between brain and these regions
-afferent (sensory, towards CNS) and efferent (motor, away from CNS) components
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Rules of Cranial Nerves: always refer to cranial nerves using Roman numerals
-on the job, do as your colleagues do
-some refer as CN 1 or Cranial 1
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Rules of Cranial Nerves: always say name of cranial nerve when say number
-assist in remembering
-VII facial nerve
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Rules of Cranial Nerves: high cranial numbers low in brainstem
-XII in medulla
-II in midbrain
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CN I Olfactory
-1st and shortest cranial nerve
-mediates sense of smell
-purely sensory nerve
-composed of afferent fibers
-transmits information about odors from nasal cavity to brain
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CN II Ophthalmic Nerve
-sensation of visual stimulation
-retina of eye initates process
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve
-retina
-optic nerve
-optic chiasm
-optic tract
-lateral geniculate nucleus
-optic radiations
-visual cortex
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, Retina
-visual information captured by photoreceptors converts into electrical signals
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, optic nerve
-electrical signals travel along retinal ganglion cells axons
-forms optic nerve
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, Optic chiasm
-2 optic nerves meet at optic chiasm
-fibers from nasal retina of each eye decussate to join temporal fibers of opposite eye
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, optic tract
-after chiasm, optic nerve fibers continue as optic tracts
-carries information from corresponding visual fields
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
-optic tracts synapse in LGN
-relay station in thalamus, part of sensory process
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, optic radiations
-from LGN, axons project through optic radiations
-nerve fibers carry visual information to visual cortex
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Pathway: CN II Ophthalmic Nerve, Visual cortex
-optic radiations terminate in visual cortex
-located in occipital lobe
-location visual information processed and interpreted
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CN III Oculomotor Nerve: primary responsibilites
-controlling most eye movements
-upper eyelid elevation
-certain involuntary eye functions
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occulomotor nerve does not control movements performed by two specific extraocular muscles: moving eye outward
-abduction: away from nose
-innervated by CN VI (abducens)
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occulomotor nerve does not control movements performed by two specific extraocular muscles: moving eye downward and outward
-depression and abduction when eye adducted
-intorsion: medial rotation
-Innervated by CN IV (trochlear)
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CN IV Trochlear Nerve
-smallest by axon number
-longest intracranial course
-only cranial nerve exit brainstem dorsally
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CN IV Trochlear Nerve: innervates only 1 eye muscle
-superior oblique muscle
-essential for coordinated and precise downward and rotational eye movements
-reading or descending stairs
90
CN V Trigeminal Nerve: Innervates
-mastication muscles
-tensor veli palatini
-tensor tympani
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve: somatic sense
-face
-oral cavity
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve: 3 branches
-ophthalmic: sensory
-maxillary: sensory
-mandibular: sensory and motor
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve Ophthalmic Branch Somatic Sense
-pain, pressure, tactile sense, and vibration
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve Ophthalmic Branch Somatic Sense Area
-upper face skin
-forehead
-scalp
-cornea and iris
-upper eyelid
-conjunctiva: membrane that covers eyes
-nasal cavity mucous membrane
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve Maxillary Branch Somatic Sense Area
-lower eyelid
-sides of nose
-maxilla
-upper teeth
-upper lip
-buccal mucosa
-maxillary sinuses
-nasopharynx
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CN V Trigeminal Mandibular Sensory Branch Somatic Sense Area
-mandible
-lower teeth
-lower lip
-anterior 2/3 of tongue and floor of mouth but not taste
-part of cheek skin and lining
-external auditory meatus
-pinna
-temporomandibular joint
-temporal bone
-proprioceptive sense of mastication muscles
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CN V Trigeminal Nerve Mandibular Motor Branch
-mastication muscles
-tensor tympani: acoustic reflex
-tensor veli palatini: soft palate tensor
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CN VI Abducens Nerve
-motor innervation of lateral rectus ocular muscle
-abduct eyeball
-moves eye ball laterally
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CN VII Facial Nerve
-both sensory and motor functions
-somatic motor and visceral motor component
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CN VII Facial Nerve: Motor
-controls all muscles of facial expression
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CN VII Facial Nerve: Sensory
-conveys taste from anterior two thirds of tongue
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CN VII Facial Nerve: Parasympathetic
-supplies secretomotor fibers to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
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CN VII: 5 Main Branches, Temporal
-muscles of forehead
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CN VII: 5 Main Branches, Zygomatic
-muscles for forceful eye closure
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CN VII: 5 Main Branches, Buccal
-muscles for nostril movement, upper lip, blinking and smiling
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CN VII: 5 Main Branches, Marginal Mandibular
-muscles of lower lip and chin
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CN VII: 5 Main Branches, Cervical
-muscles of neck
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Motor Innervation of Facial Muscles
-muscles of expression
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Lesion Effects: lower half of face contralaterally innervated
-left hemisphere serves right lower face and vice versa
-unilateral upper motor neuron lesion cause contralateral paralysis of lower face
-cerebrovascular accident affects 1 side of brain
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Lesion Effects: upper half of face bilaterally innervated
unilateral lesion not cause paralysis
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Secretomotor Innervation Via Chorda Tympani
-lacrimal, sublingual, and submandibular gland
-tearing
-salivation
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Taste from Anterior Two Thirds of Tongue
-notice fibers from taste pass through chorda tympani
-chorda tympani passes through middle ear space
-adjacent tympanic membrane
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CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve: purely sensory nerve
-auditory and vestibular
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CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve: organs of hearing and vestibular sensation
-hair cells of cochlea
-ampulae of vestibular mechanism
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
both sensory and motor functions
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: motor innervation
-stylopharyngeus muscle
-assist in swallowing and elevating pharynx
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: sensory
-provides sensation to posterior one third of tongue, oropharynx, middle ear, eustachian tube, and palatine tonsils
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: special sensory
-conveys taste from posterior one third of tongue
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: visceral sensory
-monitors blood pressure and oxygen via carotid body and sinus
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve: parasympathetic
stimulates saliva production by innervating parotid gland
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CN IX Afferent/Sensory Component: special visceral afferent
-sense of taste
-posterior one third of tongue and soft palate
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CN IX Afferent/Sensory Component: general visceral afferent
-sense of touch, pain and temperature
-posterior one third of tongue, faucial pillars, upper pharynx, and auditory tube
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CN IX Afferent/Sensory Component: general somatic afferent
pain and temperature sense from skin of ear
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CN IX Motor Efferent Component: special visceral efferent
-motor innervation of stylopharyngeus and superior constrictor muscles (pharyngeal constriction)
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CN IX Motor Efferent Component: general visceral efferent
-motor innervation of parotid glad (salivation)
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CN X Vagus Nerve
-both sensory and motor function
-extensive influence over many organs from head and neck down to abdomen
-longest cranial nerve in body
-vital component of autonomic nervous system
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CN X Functions: Sensory
-conveys sensation from larynx, pharynx, outer ear, and visceral organs (heart, lungs, GI tract)
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CN X Functions: special sensory
-provides taste sensation from epiglottis and root of tongue
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CN X Functions: Motor
-innervates most muscles of pharynx, soft palate, and larynx (speech, swallowing, gag reflex)
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CN X Functions: parasympathetic
regulates heart rate, breathing, digestive processes, and glandular secretions
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CN X Sensory Component: general somatic afferent
-pain, touch, and temperature sense from tympanic membrane, posterior auricle, and external auditory meatus
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CN X Sensory Component: general visceral afferent
-pain sense
-mucosa of lower pharynx, larynx, thoracic
-abdominal viscera, esophagus, bronchi
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CN X Sensory Component: special visceral afferent
-taste from epiglottis and valleculae (small opening in back of throat at base of tongue and epiglottis)
134
CN X Motor Component: general visceral efferent
-parasympathetic motor innervation
-intestines, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, trachea, and bronchial smooth muscle
-mucosal glands, kidneys, liver, and heart
135
CN X Motor Component: special visceral efferent, recurrent laryngeal nerve
-motor innervation of inferior constrictors, intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid
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CN X Motor Component: special visceral efferent, pharyngeal nerve
-works with XI accessory to innervate palatal muscles except tensor vali palatini
-works with IX glossopharyngeal to innervate pharyngeal muscles
137
CN X Motor Component: special visceral efferent, superior laryngeal nerve
-innervation of cricothyroid muscles
138
CN XI Accessory Nerve
-primarily motor innervation
-sternocleidomastoid
-trapezius
139
140
141
Mnemonic
On Old Olympus Towering Top A Finn and German Viewed Some Hops
141
CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve:
-essential for precise tongue movements
-dysfunction significantly impairs speech and swallowing
-tongue deviates to side of pathology
141
CN XI Function: sternocleidomastoid
-rotates head to opposite side
-flexes neck
141
CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve: motor innervation
all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles except palatoglossus
141
CN XI Function: -trapezius
-elevates (shrugs) shoulders, rotates and retracts scapula
