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Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing > Auditory System Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Auditory System Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

VIII Cranial Nerve

A

-tonotopic organization in cochlea maintained in VIII CN, brainstem, and auditory cortex
-wrapped like bull rope
-low freq: center
-high freq: outside

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2
Q

Central Auditory Pathway Start Neurology

A

brainstem

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3
Q

Central Auditory Pathway Start Audiology/Otolaryngology

A

IAC

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4
Q

Central Auditory Pathway Start general physician

A

outside cochlea

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5
Q

Central Auditory Pathway: Cochlear Nuclei

A

-100% of the neurons from the cochlea go to the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei
-right cochlear neurons go to right cochlear nuclei
-left cochlear neurons go to left cochlear nuclei

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6
Q

Central Auditory Pathway: Superior Olivary Complex

A

-first location that receives binaural stimulation
-only a portion of neurons decussate
-info from ipsilateral and contralateral side
-localization probably happening here

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7
Q

Central Auditory Pathway Order

A

-cochlear nuclei
-superior olivary complex
-lateral lemniscus
-inferior colliculus
-medial geniculate body
-auditory cortex

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8
Q

Central Auditory Pathway: Medial Geniculate Body

A

-60 to 75% of neurons coming from the contralateral side

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9
Q

Central Auditory Pathway: Auditory Cortex

A

-100% of neurons at right medial geniculate body goes to the right auditory cortex
-100% of neurons at left medial geniculate body goes to the left auditory cortex
-left temporal dominant for speech and language
-processing becomes more refined as auditory pathway advances
-each location is responsible for processing a different part of sound: time, intensity, frequency

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10
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

-first way station of auditory pathway in brainstem
-getting 100% stimulated by ipsilateral cochlear nerves
-wide variety of neural responses

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11
Q

Superior Olivary Complex

A

-first level of binaural interaction
-specialized sound location
-localize based on time and intensity

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12
Q

Lateral Lemniscus

A

-basically a way station: a way of connecting two parts, some process but not a lot
-between superior olivary complex and inferior colliculus

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13
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

-adjacent superior colliculus
-may be site of visual/auditory interaction

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14
Q

Medial Geniculate Body

A

-last brainstem auditory location before auditory cortex

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15
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-chemical electric stimulation
-where broken-down parts of sound are put back together to interpret
-left primary for speech and language
-most individuals
-Sylvian fissure

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16
Q

Temporal Lobe: Heschel’s Gyrus

A

-Wernicke’s area: primary auditory area, receptive
-Broca’s area: primary language area
-heavily myelinated neurons connecting the two for fast processing

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17
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

-heavily myelinated band of neurons that connects the left and right halves of the brain

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18
Q

Corpus Callosum: Largest fiber tract in adults

A

-6.5cm long
-0.5 to 1 cm thick

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19
Q

Corpus Callosum: Most fibers are homolateral

A

-connect to same area of cerebrum

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20
Q

Corpus Callosum: some fibers are heterolateral

A

-connect to different locations in cerebrum

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum Auditory Fibers Found

A

-sulcus portion

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22
Q

Afferent Fibers

A

-moving away from cochlea, up central auditory pathway

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23
Q

Efferent Fibers

A

-moving from auditory cortex downwards, refining information, down central auditory pathway

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24
Q

Corpus Callosum: Rostral

A

-auditory cortex to medial geniculate and inferior colliculus
-loop system exist between structures
-fibers connecting to IC tonotopically organized

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25
Corpus Callosum: Caudal (Olivocochlear Bundle)
-tonotopically organized -alters firing rate in cochlear nuclei -inhibitory effect on VIII nerve -may be present to protect auditory system from acoustic trauma
26
Lateral Superior Olivocochlear Bundle
-lateral superior olivary to ipsilateral dendrite between inner hair cells -composed of uncrossed unmyelinated fibers
27
Medial Superior Olivocochlear Bundle
-medial superior olive connects directly to outer hair cells of the contralateral cochlea -composed of myelinated fibers: myelinated bc has to travel longer distance
28
Semicircular Canals Movement
-angular acceleration
29
Anterior Canal
up/down movement
30
Horizontal Canal
side to side movement
31
Posterior Canal
-left/right movements -cristae of the 3 semicircular canals
32
Otoliths: linear acceleration and gravitation force
-saccule: vertical movement -utricle: horizontal movement
33
How do Semicircular Canals detect movement
-detect rotational head movements by using fluid-filled tubes and hair cells
34
Semicircular Canals: Head Rotates
-inertia of endolymph causes it to lag behind canals movement
35
Semicircular Canals: lag causes endolymph to flow within canals
-pushing against cupula
36
Endolymph in Semicircular Canals
-bends hair cells within crista ampullaris
37
Semicircular Canals: hair cell bending generates nerve signals
-sent to brain via vestibular nerve -provides information about direction and speed of head’s rotational movement -brain uses information to coordinate body’s movements and maintain balance and posture -fluid moves in opposite direction of the body
38
Otoliths (Utricle and Saccule): when head moves or tilts, linear acceleration
-calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) shift -bending hair cells within utricle and saccule
39
Otoliths (Utricle and Saccule): bending generates signals sent to brain via vestibular nerve
-providing information about head position and linear acceleration -brain uses information to coordinate body’s movements and maintain balance and posture
40
Role of Vestibular Reflexes
-involuntary movements help maintain balance and stabilize vision during head movements
41
Role of Vestibular Reflexes: maintain posture
-reflexes dependent on maculae and proprioceptive systems function -not dependent on semicircular canals
42
Role of Vestibular Reflexes: kinetic or transitory
-contraction of muscles to maintain equilibrium and ocular stability during movement -reflexes from semicircular canals during angular acceleration -reflexes from macula during linear acceleration
43
Role of Vestibular Reflexes: help maintain muscular tone
-reflexes from semicircular canals during angular acceleration -reflexes from maculae during linear acceleration
44
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
-compensates for head rotations by producing eye movements in opposite direction -keeping visual image stable on retina
45
Central Processor: Balance
-vestibular, visual, proprioceptive, other inputs all sent to individual central processors -then to common central processor in cerebellum -then to eye movements, posture, other -then back to adaptive controller/individual processor to create more information
46
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 9 Weeks
indentations appear where ears will grow
47
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 12 weeks
-specialized sound transmitters (hair cells) start to develop inside cochlea
48
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 16 weeks
-connection between hair cells and nerve that sends sound impulses to brain complete -baby may start to hear faint sounds
49
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 18 weeks
-baby starts to hear sounds -including sounds from within body like mother’s heartbeat
50
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 24 Weeks
-baby becomes more sensitive to sounds and responds to noises and voices in womb
51
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 25-26 Weeks
-baby responds to noise/voices in womb -auditory system functional
52
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 27-30 Weeks
-baby can heat sounds from outside the body -mother’s voice
53
Auditory System Prenatal Development: 32-35 Weeks
-middle ear cavity, outer ear canal, and outside part of ear fully formed -baby ready to listen and respond to sound
54
Auditory System Prenatal Development: At birth
-babies born with fully developed hearing
55
Pinna and External Auditory Meatus: Week 6
-auricular hillock becomes pinna -6 small swellings or prominences develop form 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches: 3 each arch -fuse to from auricle -primordial auricles form by first pharyngeal groove -develop into external auditory system
56
Pinna and External Auditory Meatus: Week 8
-external auditory meatus forms as tube in mesenchyme -invagination of primary canal with meatal plug at tip -extension of meatus toward forming middle ear -closure of primary canal and further extension of meatal plug to reach tympanic ring
57
Pinna and External Auditory Meatus: Week 9
-EAM tube filled with ectodermal meatal plug -ectodermal meatal plug begins developing into tympanic membrane by week 13 -canal fully formed by 18th week
58
Pinna and External Auditory Meatus: Week 6-8
-stapes develops -2nd pharyngeal arch
59
Pinna and External Auditory Meatus: Week 16-31
-malleus and incus develops -1st pharyngeal arch
60
Inner Ear Development: Days 22-24
-inner ear begins as otic pit then otic placode
61
Inner Ear Development: Day 32
-edges of placode fuse to form otic vesicle -primordial membranous labyrinth -endolymphatic duct and sac arise from ectoderm
62
Inner Ear Development: Week 8-12
-otic vesicle gives rise to all inner ear -saccular portions differentiate into saccules and cochlear ducts -semicircular canals come from utricular portion -cochlear duct develops from saccular portion
63
Inner Ear Development: Week 8
-see all turns of cochlea
64
Inner Ear Development: Week 11
-see scala tympani
65
Inner Ear Development: Week 17
-see vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani present
66
Inner Ear Development: Week 9-11
-VIII CN (vestibulocochlear) form spiral ganglion
67
Inner Ear Development: Week 22-25
-fetus can hear: all together and functional
68
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development
-inner ear structures are essentially complete at birth
69
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: EAM
-short and relatively straight at birth -13-22.5 mm long at birth -grow to 25-30 mm in adults
70
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: EAM Diameter
-4.44mm in infants -grow to 10mm adults
71
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: TM
-adult size by 7th fetal month -more horizontal in infants -2-3 years of adult orientation: doesn’t grow it repositions
72
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: Pinna
-grows most rapidly between birth and 3 years -85% adult size
73
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: middle ear cavity
-middle ear cavity volume increases until about 20 years
74
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: Eustachian Tube
-at birth: relatively even with middle ear, 10-degree angle -adult: 30-degree angle, steeper
75
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: Cochlear Structure
-cochlea structure complete by 3 months old
76
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: VIII CN
-complete at 3 months -myelinated by 18 months: not as fast
77
Peripheral Auditory System Postnatal Development: Brainstem Nuclei
-continue to develop, maturing at 15 years -olivocochlear system matures at 6 months -myelin develop through 4 years of age
78
Aging Impact on Auditory System: Presbycusis
-age related hearing loss -not related hazardous sound exposure or disease conditions -due many different changes in system
79
Aging Impact on Auditory System: Balance Problems
-60% of older adults have balance problems -including vertigo, unsteadiness, problems with equilibrium

Anatomy of Speech, Language, and Hearing (13 decks)

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