NEUROANATOMY

Question 1

What body parts are part of the central nervous system? (CNS) (2)

Answer 1

Brain + Spinal cord

Question 2

What are the four groups of the peripheral Nervous system? (PNS)

Answer 2

Nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganglia (groups of neuron cell bodies)

Question 3

what is afferent inputs?

Answer 3

information about stimulus is sent from our tissues into the brain

Question 4

what is efferent outputs?

Answer 4

information about how to respond to the stimulus is sent out of the brain

Question 5

What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system based on the type of information?

Answer 5

somatic and autonomic

Question 6

what is somatic sensory and motor?

Answer 6

“sensory” = afferent inputs we are aware of
“manual” = efferent outputs to skeletal muscles which we have control over.

Question 7

what is visceral/autonomic?

Answer 7

“visceral” = afferent inputs we are aware of from visceral organs
“motor” efferent outputs to smooth caridac muscles and glands which we dont ahve control over

Question 8

somatic is always ….

Answer 8

afferent

Question 9

Motor is always ….

Answer 9

efferent

Question 10

What are neurons?

Answer 10

Specialised for carrying neural information, information is carried in the form of electrical signals inside nervous system

Question 11

What are gilal cells?

Answer 11

Protects and supports neurons in the CSN and PNS

Question 12

4 sections of a neuron?

Answer 12

Dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals

Question 13

Dendrites job?

Answer 13

receive input, send information to cell body

Question 14

cell bodies job?

Answer 14

Contains nucleus and organelles, processing incoming information

Question 15

Axon job?

Answer 15

Carries electrical impulses and action potentialis, may or may not be myelinated.

Question 16

Axon terminals job?

Answer 16

End of terminus of the axon, place where information is passed to the next cell in line

Question 17

what is myelin sheath?

Answer 17

A lipid fatty wrapping around an axon, myelinated axons appear glossy and white because of lipid content (65-80%) function = electrically insulate axon, allows for fast action potential.

Question 18

Four types of glial cells found in the central nervous system?

Answer 18

1) Oligodendrocyte
2) Astrocytes
3) Microglia
4) Ependymal cells

Question 19

what does oligodendocytes produce?

Answer 19

Produces myeline sheath in CNS

Question 20

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 20

Form scar tissue after CNS injury, supply nutrients to neurons

Question 21

What is microglia’s job? what type of cell are they?

Answer 21

Immune cells of the CNS

Question 22

Ependymal cells job?

Answer 22

Fluid filled spaces within the brain and spinal cord and produces and circulates CSF

Question 23

What does CSF stand for and what does it do?

Answer 23

cerebrospinal fluid, a colourless liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. It’s crucial for providing nutrients and removing waste from the brain and spinal cord

Question 24

What is a stimulus and a response?

Answer 24

Stimulus = something initiates generation of electrical signal/action potential.

Response = Something happens, the outcome.

Question 25

What are the three steps to allow synaptic cleft to transfer information between cells?

Answer 25

1) chemical called neurotransmitters is released upstream 2) The chemical diffuses across the gap, towards downstream cell 3) when it gets to downstairs neuron it binds to receptors on its dendrites which initiate an electrical impulse.

Question 26

What is the spinothalamic pathway? what does it allow us to do?

Answer 26

Allows us to have awareness of sensations (pain + temperature) and it carres afferent/sensory information towards the CNS

Question 27

Name the three Neurons of the spinothalamic pathway and where are the cell bodies located?

Answer 27

1) First order neuron = cell body located in dorsal root ganglion. 2) Second order neuron = Cell body located in spinal cord 3) Third order neuron = Cell body located in brain, synapse in brain (somatosensory cortex)

Question 28

What is the corticospinal pathway? what does it allow us to do?

Answer 28

controls voluntary movement of skeleton muscles.

Question 29

Two Neurons associated with the corticospinal pathway and where are the cell bodies located?

Answer 29

1) upper motor neuron = cell body located in the brain, motor cortex 2) lower motor neuron = cell body located in spinal cord, effector/target tissue = skeletal muscle.

Question 30

Damage to the primary motor cortex and the samatosensory cortex results in what accident?

Answer 30

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Question 31

what are the two types of stroke?

Answer 31

Ischemic stroke (blockage) and hemorrhagic (rupture)

Question 32

Frontal lobe functions (5)

Answer 32

- personality - emotions - language - planning - execution

Question 33

Parietal lobe functions (2)

Answer 33

receives and processes sensory information

Question 34

Occipital lobe functions (1)

Answer 34

Vision

Question 35

Cerebrum lobe functions (2)

Answer 35

balance and coordination

Question 36

Temporal lobe functions (2)

Answer 36

Memory and hearing

Question 37

What are the three sections of the brainstem?

Answer 37

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 38

What are the 8 cranium bones?

Answer 38

x1 frontal bone x2 parietal bones x1 occipital bone x2 temoral bone x1 sphenoid bone x1 ethmoid bone (internally)

Question 39

What are the five facial bones?

Answer 39

x1 Mandible x2 Maxillary x2 Zygomatic

Question 40

What is meninges?

Answer 40

Protective coverings of the brain

Question 41

What are the three laters of meninges and what layer are they?

Answer 41

Dura mater (outer layer) "like leather" Arachnoid (middle layer) "like paper" Pia mater (Inner layer) "like glue"

Question 42

What is the circle of willis? and where is it?

Answer 42

Where blood vessels supplying the brain join together to form the circle of willis. Location = base (inferior surface) of the brain.

Question 43

what are the 5 vertebral colunms (sections of spine)

Answer 43

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal.

Question 44

How many vertebrae are in the cervical column?

Answer 44

7 vertebrae, 8 pairs

Question 45

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic column?

Answer 45

12 vertebrae, 12 pairs

Question 46

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar column?

Answer 46

5 vertebrae, 5 pairs

Question 47

How many vertebrae are in the sacral column?

Answer 47

5 vertebrae, 5 pairs

Question 48

How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal column?

Answer 48

2-3 vertebrae, 1 pair

Question 49

What is cauda equina and its importance?

Answer 49

Horses tail and its importance is injections

Question 50

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

Answer 50

12 pairs