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1 PY1000 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eripheral nervous system made up of?

A

All parts of the system outside of the bony casings of the skull and spinal column.

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2
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

All parts inside the skull and spinal column - the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is the hole at the base of the skull where the brain connects to the spinal cord called?

A

Foramen magnum

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4
Q

What nerves is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

Cranial, Spinal and Peripheral nerves

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5
Q

What neurones are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor neurones

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6
Q

What neurones are in the central nervous system?

A

Relay neurones

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7
Q

Define afferent and efferent

A 
Afferent = ascending
Efferent = descending
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8
Q

What are interneurones?

A

Small nerves linking other nerves

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9
Q

What is the bundle of spinal nerves that descend inside the spinal column called

A

Cauda equina

Horses tail

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10
Q

Describe how the spinal nerves are named

A

Cervical spinal nerves are named after the vertebra immediately below - BUT
There is a C8 spinal nerve that exits above T1
From there on down the spinal nerves are named after the vertebra immediately above

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11
Q

Define dermatomes

A

The area of skininnervatedby nerves relatedto a particularsegment of thespinal cord.

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12
Q

Define myotomes

A

Muscles that are innervated by nerves related to a particular segment of the spinal cord.

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13
Q

Name some of the main dermatomes in the body

A 
T1-T12 = trunk of the body
L1-L5 = lumbar spine
C2-C8 = collar to 5th metacarpal
S1 = heel
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14
Q

Name some of the main myotomes in the body

A 
C5-C8 = shoulder to wrist
T1 = finger abduction
L2 = hip flexion (illiopsoas)
L4 = knee extension (quad fem)
L5 = dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior)
S1 = plantar flexion (gastrocnemius)
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15
Q

What are enlargements of the spinal cord in the lowercervical and lumbosacral area known as

A

Brachial Plexus

Lumbosacral Plexus

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16
Q

What do the nervesin the brachialplexus innervate.

A

Afferent and efferent nervesin the brachialplexus innervate theupper extremities

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17
Q

What do the nerves in the lowerlumbosacral plexusinnervate.

A

Afferent and efferent nerves in the lowerlumbosacral plexusinnervate the lower extremities.

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18
Q

Describe gray matter

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies appeargray

Areas of thecentral nervous system thatare a large collection of cell bodies are called gray matter

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19
Q

Describe white matter

A

Someneuron processesarewrapped in insulatinglayers that arewhite soareas of the central nervous system that area large collection ofneuron processes arecalled white matter.

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20
Q

Briefly descibe dorsal roots

A

Afferent nervesthat come intothe spinal cordare bundled at the backin the dorsal roots.
Thecell bodies of the dorsal rootare outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia.

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21
Q

Briefly describe ventral roots

A

Efferentnerves leaving the spinal cord arebundled together at the front in theventral root.

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22
Q

Give some examples of peripheral nerves

A

Median, ulna and radial nerves

23
Q

What large divisions can the brain be divided into?

A

Brainstem
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemispheres orcerebrum

24
Q

Describe what the brain stem connects and what it is composed of

A

Links the cerebrum and the spinal cord
Comprises the medullaoblongata, the midbrain, and the pons
Connects to the cerebellum
Source of the cranial nerves.

25
Q

What is the function of the brainstem

A

Role incontrollingautonomic functions including breathing, heart rate and level of consciousness

26
Q

Where is the source of cranial nerves?

A

Brainstem

27
Q

How many cranial nerves are in the brainstem?

A

12 pairs of nerves

28
Q

What is the role of cranial nerves?

A

Bring information from the special senses andsomatic senses offace and head.
Involved in hearing, balance, vision, taste, smell
Send messages to the muscles of thehead and neck

29
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

Composed of:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

30
Q

What role does the diencephalon play?

A

Role in the integration of sensory information and the interpretation of pain

31
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

The cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem where the spinal cord meets the brain

32
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

Involved inmaintaining balance and control

33
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Cortex ofgray matter

34
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum called?

A

frontal, parietal,temporal andoccipital

35
Q

Describe the surface of the cerebrum

A

Wrinkled with hillocks(gyri) andgrooves(sulci)

36
Q

Describe the location and role of the frontal lobe

A

At the front

Responsible for some aspects of movement,behaviour, emotion andhigher executive function,expressive speech

37
Q

Describe the location and role of the parietal lobe

A

Behind the frontal.

Responsible for language, sensation, perception of space

38
Q

Describe the location and role of the occipital lobe

A

At the back.

Responsible forvision

39
Q

Describe the location and role of the temporal lobe

A

At the sides.

Responsible for hearing, receptive speech,and memory

40
Q

What is responsible for the actual execution of movement

A

Primary motor cortex

41
Q

What is involved in the preparation ofsensory triggered movement and guidingcomplete behavioural acts

A

Premotor cortex

42
Q

What are is involved in the preparation of self-initiated movement

A

Supplementary motor area

43
Q

What role does the somatosensory Cortex play?

A

This is involved in the complexprocessing of sensory information

44
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of?

A

Made up of5 nuclei in thecerebrum, diencephalon and brainstem

45
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

Vital in controlling the quality of movement

46
Q

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

A

In sylvian fissure, important in memory

47
Q

What is the role of the Pituitary Gland?

A

In the brainstem, secretes hormones

48
Q

What is the role of the Amygdala?

A

In the temporal lobe and relates to emotions (especially fear)

49
Q

Describe meninges

A

3 layers of protective fibrous tissue that surrounds the entire nervous system
3 layers = dura matter, arachnoid matter and pia matter

50
Q

Describe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Straw colouredviscous fluid produced in the lateral ventricles
Circulates around the brain and spinal cord in thesubarachnoid space

51
Q

What is the circle of Willis

A

To limit thepossibility of loss of blood supply the brain has evolved a circularvascular anatomy.
Made up of 2 blood supplies, so if one fails the other should be able to maintain circulation.

52
Q

What is the myelin sheath in a neuron made up of?

A

Schwann cells

53
Q

How can neurones be classified?

A 
Unipolar = have only one structure
Bipolar = has one axon and one dendrite
Multipolar = contains one axon and multiple dendrites
Pseudounipolar = has a single structure that extends from the soma
54
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

The synapse is where one neuron meets and communicates with another
A chemical messenger (or neurotransmitter)is released fromone axon(presynaptic) and picked up by thedendrites of another neuron (postsynaptic).

1 PY1000 (17 decks)

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