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Neurology Board Review > Neuroanatomy basics > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy basics Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

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2
Q

What is the largest glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

Functions of astrocytes:

A

Regulating interstitial fluid
Regulates blood flow based on neuron activity
Structural part of blood brain barrier
Nutritional support (glycogen storage)
Activates antioxidant pathways

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4
Q

How do astrocytes help remove excess glutamate and GABA from synapses?

A

Expresses the enzyme glutamate synthase

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5
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Decreases the stability of the blood-brain barrier with inflammatory conditions and CNS tumors

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6
Q

What is the immunohistochemical staining for astrocytes?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

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7
Q

What is the role of glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP)?

A

Makes up intracellular intermediate filaments located in astrocytic processes

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8
Q

Which cell is responsible for formation of myelin in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Provides electrical insulation that allows for saltatory conduction

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10
Q

What is the stain to ID myelinated fibers?

A

Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining

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11
Q

Which disease process likely involves lytic infection of oligodendrocytes to induce demyelination?

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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12
Q

Oligodendrogliomas have what classic appearance on histology?

A

Chicken wire

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13
Q

How do oligodendrocytes talk to astrocytes?

A

Direct cell-cell gap junctions

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14
Q

Which leukodystrophy is caused by mutations in GFAP gene?

A

Alexander disease

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of alexander disease?

A

Accumulation of abnormal filaments, Rosenthal fibers in astrocytes.
Leads to oligodendrocyte death and demyelination

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16
Q

What occurs at a cell level in osmotic demyelination syndrome?

A

Astrocyte death is observed before oligodendrocyte death and demyelination

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17
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Produces and facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Lines ventricles

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18
Q

What is the primary immune cell of the CNS?

A

Microglia?

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19
Q

How do microglia function?

A

Activates in response to tissue damage and ischemic injury
Becomes a motile, phagocytic cell (adept for neuronophagia) which forms reactive oxygen species and secretes cytokines and proteases

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20
Q

All glial and neuronal cells are derived from neural tube cells except:

A

Microglia

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21
Q

What is the function of neuronal cells?

A

Receiving, integrating, and propagating information to other cells

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22
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

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23
Q

Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons at synapses?

A

Dendrites

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24
Q

Basophilic clumps of polyribosomes in the cell body of a neuron are called:

A

Nissl bodies

25
What is the function of an axon?
Conducts information to muscles, glands, or neurons
26
What is the prototype cerebral neuron that has large, triangular cell bodies seen in the cortex and hippocampus?
Pyramidal Cells
27
GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that control Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellum
Stellate Cells
28
Upper motor neuron cells that are the largest neurons of the cerebral cortex
Betz Cells
29
What cells are predominantly affected by motor neuron diseases such as ALS?
Betz cells
30
Large distinct neurons in the cerebellum with a prominent pink cell body and extensive dendritic tree
Purkinje cells
31
Which cells are lost in cerebellar degeneration syndromes?
Purkinje cells
32
What stain can be used to easily seen neurons?
Silver staining
33
What occurs when axons of nerve are damaged?
Wallerian degeneration
34
Where do neurofibrillary tangles occur generally?
Amygdala Hippocampus Temporal association cortices
35
Where do amyloid plaques occur generally?
Neocortex of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
36
What does the integrity of the blood brain barrier depend on?
Close apposition of the astrocytic endfeet to blood capillaries, endothelial cells, and a thick basement membrane
37
What cells for the inner walls of blood vessels and right junction in the BBB?
Endothelial cells
38
Cytotoxic edema occurs due to...
Cellular swelling, membrane breakdown, and cell death
39
Which areas of the brain lack a blood brain barrier?
Area postrema Pineal gland Posterior pituitary Choroid plexus
40
Where is the area postrema found?
Dorsomedial medulla
41
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid plexus
42
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
Arachnoid granulations
43
What location is most CSF absorbed through (venous system)?
Superior sagittal sinus
44
How much CSF is present in the ventricles and subarachnoid space at any given time?
150 mL
45
How much CSF is produced in a day?
500 mL
46
Path of CSF flow
Enters 3rd ventricle trough foramen of Monro, then cerebral aqueduct then 4th ventricle
47
What causes hydrocephalous?
Excess production of CSF Blockage of CSF circulation Deficiency in CSF reabsorption
48
What is the most common cause of hydrocephalous?
Obstruction
49
What are the common causes of non-obstructive hydrocephalous?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage Venous sinus thrombosis Meningitis
50
What is seen on MRI in ventriculitis?
Appears as fluid levels within the cortical sulci and within the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles
51
3 layers of the cerebellar cortex
Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granular layer
52
Which is the outmost layer of the cortex which consistent of inhibitory neurons?
Molecular layer
53
What cells are in the molecular layer of the cortex?
Stellate and basket cells
54
Which is the middle layer of the cortex with inhibitory neuros?
Purkinje layer
55
What locations does the purkinje cells inhibit via cerebellar output?
Deep cerebellar and vestibular nucleus
56
What is the innermost layer of the cortex?
Granular layer
57
What does the granular layer of the cortex consist of?
Granule cells Golgi interneuronsWh
58
Which cells are the only cells that are excitatory in the corex?
Granular cells

Neurology Board Review (16 decks)

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