Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

IDD criteria

Answer 1

1. Low IQ (<70)
2. Low adaptive skills
3. Onset = developmental period

Question 2

IDD severity specifier

Answer 2

1. Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound
2. Based on adaptive skills

Question 3

IDD etiology

Answer 3

1. Most prenatal = Down’s, Fragile X, FAS
2. Some perinatal = asphyxia
3. Some postnatal = meningitis, abuse

Question 4

ASD criteria

Answer 4

1. Social communication (reciprocity, nonverbals, relationships)
2. Restrictive and repetitive behaviors (fixed interests, stereotypy, rigidity, sensitivity)
3. Onset = early developmental period

Question 5

ASD best prognosis

Answer 5

1. IQ > 70
2. Language by 5yo
3. No comorbidities

Question 6

ASD and brain structure

Answer 6

1. Accelerated brain growth
2. Structures affected = cerebellum, corpus callosum, amygdala

Question 7

ASD and NTs

Answer 7

Lower:
1. Brain serotonin
2. GABA

Higher:
1. Blood serotonin
2. Glutamate
3. Acetylcholine

Question 8

ASD prevalence

Answer 8

1-2%
3-4x in males

Question 9

ASD heritability

Answer 9

Monozygotic = 69-95%
Dizygotic = 0-24%

Question 10

ASD treatment

Answer 10

1. ABA (affects IQ and language)
2. Medication for comorbidities

Question 11

ADHD criteria

Answer 11

1. Duration > 6 months
2. Onset < 12yo
3. 2+ settings
4. 6+ symptoms (5+ for adults)

Question 12

ADHD prevalence

Answer 12

1. Most prevalent dx in 3-17 yo
2. 2x more in males

Question 13

ADHD heritability

Answer 13

One of the most heritable disorders

1. All twins = 76%
2. Monozygotic = 71%
3. Dizygotic = 41%

Question 14

ADHD risk factors

Answer 14

1. Low birth weight
2. Premature birth
3. Maternal tobacco/alcohol use

Question 15

ADHD comorbidities

Answer 15

1. ODD*
2. CD
3. Anxiety
4. Depression
5. Adulthood SUDs (not due to meds)

Question 16

ADHD and brain structure

Answer 16

1. Smaller, less active brain regions
2. Abnormal = PFC, striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), thalamus, cerebellum, amygdala

Question 17

ADHD and NTs

Answer 17

Low:
1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine

Question 18

ADHD treatment

Answer 18

Children:
1. First line = therapy (parent training) OR combined

Adults:
1. First line = medication
2. Therapy (CBT)

Question 19

Three types of tic disorders

Answer 19

1. Tourette’s
2. Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder
3. Provisional tic disorder

Question 20

Tourette’s criteria

Answer 20

1. 1+ vocal tic AND 2+ motor tics
2. Duration > 1 year
3. Onset < 18yo

Question 21

Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder

Answer 21

1. 1+ vocal tic AND/OR 1+ motor
2. Duration > 1 year
3. Onset < 18yo

Question 22

Provisional tic disorder

Answer 22

1. 1+ vocal tic AND/OR 1+ motor tic
2. Duration < 1 year
3. Onset < 18 years

Question 23

Tic disorders typical course

Answer 23

1. Onset 4-6 yo
2. Severity peaks 10-12 yo

Question 24

Tic disorders comorbities

Answer 24

1. ADHD*

Question 25

Tic disorders and brain structure

Answer 25

1. Small caudate nucleus

Question 26

Tic disorders and NTs

Answer 26

Low: 1. Dopamine

Question 27

Tic disorders treatment

Answer 27

1. Medication = antipsychotics, meds for comorbidities 2. CBIT

Question 28

CBIT

Answer 28

Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics 1. Psychoeducation 2. Social support 3. Habit reversal 4. Competing response 5. Relaxation

Question 29

Child-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) criteria

Answer 29

1. Speech inconsistent with development 2. Persists over time 3. 1+ symptoms

Question 30

Seven types of speech symptoms

Answer 30

1. Sound and syllable repetitions 2. Sound prolongations 3. Broken words 4. Audible or silent blocking 5. Circumlocutions 6. Words pronounced with excessive tension 7. Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions

Question 31

Child-onset fluency disorder typical course

Answer 31

1. Onset = 2-7 yo 2. 65-85% recovery rate

Question 32

Child-onset fluency disorder prognosis

Answer 32

Based on the severity at 8 yo

Question 33

Child-onset fluency disorder treatment

Answer 33

Habit reversal training (competing response = regulated breathing)

Question 34

Habit reversal training

Answer 34

1. Awareness 2. Competing response 3. Motivation 4. Relaxation 5. Skills generalization

Question 35

SLD criteria

Answer 35

1. Academic difficulties despite intervention 2. 1+ symptoms 3. Onset = school-age years

Question 36

Types of SLD symptoms

Answer 36

1. Word reading > comprehension 2. Spelling > written expression 3. Calculations > reasoning

Question 37

SLD prevalence

Answer 37

1. 5-15% 2. 80% of SLDs are in reading (mostly dysphonic dyslexia)

Question 38

Dysphonic dyslexia

Answer 38

Difficulty connecting sounds to letters

Question 39

SLD comorbidities

Answer 39

1. ADHD*