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Never-Ending Road to Licensure > Psychopharmacology - Other Psychoactive Drugs > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology - Other Psychoactive Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of drugs included in the “sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics” class

A
  1. Benzodiazepines
  2. Barbiturates
  3. Azapirones
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2
Q

3 benzodiazepines

A

PAMs:
1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Alprazolam (Xanax)
3. Lorazepam (Ativan)

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3
Q

Benzodiazepine uses

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Insomnia
  3. Seizures
  4. Alcohol withdrawal
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4
Q

Benzodiazepine mechanism

A

Increases GABA activity

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5
Q

Benzodiazepine typical side effects

A

Most common:
1. Drowsiness
2. Sedation

Others:
3. Weakness
4. Unsteadiness
5. Poor memory/concentration
6. Anticholinergic effects
7. Sexual dysfunction
8. Disorientation/confusion (older adults)

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6
Q

Benzodiazepine paradoxical side effects

A
  1. Excitability
  2. Anxiety

Chronic use:
3. Tolerance, dependence, withdrawals
4. Rebound anxiety
5. Depression
6. Anorexia
7. Delirium
8. Seizures

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7
Q

Benzodiazepine discontinuation

A
  1. Gradual tapering based on dose, half-life, length of time on medication
  2. Longer taper required for short half-life (Xanax, Ativan)
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8
Q

Benzodiazepine interactions

A
  1. Alcohol - depressant combo that can be lethal
  2. Blood pressure medication - excessive drop in blood pressure
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9
Q

3 barbiturates

A

TALs:
1. Thiopental (Pentothal)
2. Amobarbital (Amytal)
3. Secobarbital (Seconal)

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10
Q

Barbiturate uses

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Insomnia
  3. Seizures
  4. General anesthesia
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11
Q

Barbiturate mechanism

A

Enhances GABA activity

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12
Q

Barbiturate side effects

A
  1. Drowsiness
  2. Dizziness
  3. Confusion
  4. Ataxia
  5. Cognitive impairment
  6. Paradoxical excitement
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13
Q

Barbiturate sudden withdrawal risks

A
  1. Seizures
  2. Delirium
  3. Death
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14
Q

Barbiturate interactions

A
  1. Alcohol - can be lethal
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15
Q

Azapirone example

A
  1. Buspirone (BuSpar)
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16
Q

Azapirone uses

A
  1. Generalized anxiety disorder
  2. Other anxiety disorders
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17
Q

Azapirone side effects

A
  1. Dizziness
  2. Dry mouth
  3. Sweating
  4. Nausea
  5. Headache
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18
Q

Buspirone (BuSpar) advantage

A

Does not lead to sedation, dependence, or tolerance

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19
Q

2 types of narcotic-analgesics (opioids)

A
  1. Natural
  2. Semi-synthetic/synthetic
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20
Q

4 examples of natural narcotic-analgesics (opioids)

A

INEs:
1. Opium
2. Morphine
3. Heroin
4. Codeine

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21
Q

4 examples of synthetic narcotic-analgesics (opioids)

A

DONEs:
1. Methadone
2. Oxycodone
3. Hydrocodone
4. Fentanyl

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22
Q

Narcotic-analgesic (opioid) mechanism

A

Mimic effects of body’s natural analgesics (endorphins, enkephalins)

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23
Q

Narcotic-analgesic (opioid) uses

A
  1. Pre-surgery anesthetic
  2. Pain treatment
  3. Heroin detox (methadone)
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24
Q

Methadone to treat heroin use

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Does not produce same pleasurable effects as heroin
  2. Reduces heroin cravings
  3. Reduces heroin withdrawal symptoms
25
Narcotic-analgesic (opioid) side effects
1. Dry mouth 2. Nausea 3. Pupil constriction 4. Postural hypotension 5. Drowsiness 6. Dizziness 7. Constipation 8. Respiratory depression Chronic use: 1. Dependence 2. Tolerance 3. Withdrawal
26
27
Narcotic-analgesic (opioid) overdose symptoms
1. Convulsions 2. Coma 3. Death
28
Narcotic-analgesic (opioid) withdrawal symptoms
Initial: 1. Flu-like symptoms (runny nose, watery eyes, nausea, fever, muscle aches) Later: 1. Insomnia 2. Abdominal cramps 3. Vomiting 4. Diarrhea 5. Rapid heart rate 6. Elevated blood pressure
29
Beta-blocker mechanism
Inhibit activity of SNS
30
Beta-blocker uses
1. Hypertension 2. Cardiac arrhythmia 3. Migraines 4. Essential tremors
31
Beta-blocker example
1. Propranolol (Inderol)
32
Beta-blocker Propranolol (Inderol) to treat anxiety
More effective for somatic symptoms than psychological symptoms of anxiety
33
Beta-blocker Propranolol (Inderol) side effects
1. Hypotension 2. Decreased sex drive 3. Insomnia 4. Nausea/vomiting 5. Dry eyes 6. Dizziness 7. Depression
34
Beta-blocker Propranolol (Inderol) sudden withdrawal effects
1. Rebound hypertension 2. Tremors 3. Headaches 4. Confusion 5. Cardiac arrhythmia
35
2 types of mood stabilizers
1. Lithium 2. Anticonvulsants
36
Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) uses
First-line 1. Acute mania 2. Classic bipolar disorder
37
Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) side effects
1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. Metal taste 5. Increased thirst 6. Weight gain 7. Hand tremors 8. Fatigue 9. Poor memory/concentration
38
Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) risks
Lithium toxicity - can lead to seizures, coma, death
39
2 examples of anticonvulsant drugs
1. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) 2. Valproic acid (Depakene)
40
Anticonvulsant side effects
1. Nausea 2. Dizziness 3. Sleepiness 4. Lethargy 5. Ataxia 6. Tremors 7. Visual disturbances 8. Impaired concentration
41
Anticonvulsant risks
1. Liver failure 2. Agranulocytosis 3. Aplastic anemia
42
2 types of drugs to slow progression of Alzheimer's disease
1. Cholinesterase inhibitors 2. NMDA receptor agonist
43
Cholinesterase inhibitors (for Alzheimer's) mechanism
Delay breakdown of acetylcholine
44
4 examples of cholinesterase inhibitors (for Alzheimer's)
1. Tacrine (Cognex) 2. Donepezil (Aricept) 3. Rivastigmine (Exelon) 4. Galantamine (Razadyne) All approved for mild and moderate Alzheimer's Donepezil (Aricept) approved for severe Alzheimer's Tacrine (Cognex) uncommon due to risk for liver failure and serious side effects
45
Example of NMDA receptor antagonist (for Alzheimer's)
1. Memantine (Namenda) Approved for moderate to severe Alzheimer's
46
NMDA receptor antagonist (for Alzheimer's) mechanism
Regulates activity of glutamate
47
3 types of stimulants
1. Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) 2. Pemoline (Cylert) 3. Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
48
Stimulant uses
1. ADHD (attention and hyperactivity, not necessarily academic achievement)
49
Stimulant mechanism
Increases dopamine and norepinephrine in prefrontal cortex
50
Stimulant side effects
1. Insomnia 2. Nervousness 3. Decreased appetite 4. Weight loss 5. Abdominal pain
51
Drug holidays (stimulants)
Taking breaks from stimulants during school holidays so growth does not continue to be stunted by the medication
52
Stimulant use in college students without ADHD
1. Increase attention and positive mood 2. No improvement in reading comprehension and fluency 3. Possible negative effects on working memory and academic performance
53
When to use second- or third-line medications for ADHD
1. Stimulants did not work 2. Too many side effects with stimulants 3. Comorbidities interfere with stimulants 4. High risk for stimulant misuse
54
3 second-line medications for ADHD
1. Atomoxetine (Strattera) 2. Guanfacine (Intuniv) 3. Clonidine (Kapvay) Strattera is most common non-stimulant for ADHD
55
Atomoxetine (Strattera) mechanism
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
56
Atomoxetine (Strattera) effectiveness
1. Improves core ADHD symptoms 2. Better than stimulants for people with tics, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression
57
Guanfacine (Intuniv) and Clonidine (Kapvay) mechanism
Alpha-2-adrenergic agonists
58
Guanfacine (Intuniv) and Clonidine (Kapvay) effectiveness
1. Originally meant for high blood pressure 2. Improves core ADHD symptoms 3. Typically only prescribed when person has a comorbid tic disorder
59
Third-line

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