Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

When are neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed?

Answer 1

Infancy, childhood and adolescence

Question 2

List the main neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 2

• ADHD
• specific learning disorders
• autism
• intellectual disability
• global developmental delay

Question 3

What are the central features of ADHD?

Answer 3

• inattentive
• hyperactive
• impulsive

Question 4

What are the two categories of ADHD?

Answer 4

• inattention

- hyperactivity/impulsivity

Question 5

What are some characteristics of adults with ADHD?

Answer 5

• lower level jobs
• 2.5 years of education
• more likely to be divorced
• more likely to have substance abuse problems and antisocial personality disorder

Question 6

Three disorders that have high comorbidity with ADHD

Answer 6

• ODD
• Conduct disorders
• mood disorders

Question 7

Define oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 7

Pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behaviour towards authority

Question 8

Define conduct disorder

Answer 8

Repeated serious violations of the rights of others or societal rules

Question 9

What are the two major characteristics of autism?

Answer 9

• communication and social interaction

- restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests of activities

Question 10

What is Level 1 of severity for autism?

Answer 10

Requiring support

Question 11

What is Level 2 of severity for autism?

Answer 11

Requiring substantial support

Question 12

What is Level 3 of severity for autism?

Answer 12

Requiring very substantial support

Question 13

How does autism affect social communication?

Answer 13

• failure to develop age appropriate social relationships
• joint attention
• social interaction
• deficits in nonverbal communication
• prosody
• echolalia
• conversational impairments

Question 14

Describe what is meant by restricted repetitive behaviour

Answer 14

• restricted patterns
• behaviours
• interests
• activities
• maintenance of sameness
• stereotyped and ritualistic behaviours

Question 15

What is the prevalence of autism?

Answer 15

• 1 in every 50 births
• male to female 4.4. to 1
• IQ interaction
• 38% intellectual disabilities
• occurs worldwide

Question 16

List the historical views for causes of autism

Answer 16

• failed parenting
• lack of self awareness
• limited self concept
• behavioural correlates

Question 17

List the components of genetic cause of autism

Answer 17

• familial component (20% risk of second child with autism)
• genes on a number of chromosomes
• oxytocin receptor genes
• older parents increased risk

Question 18

List the neurobiological influences of autism

Answer 18

• larger amygdala at birth
• elevated cortisol
• neuronal damage
• fewer neurons
• lower oxytocin

Question 19

Define intellectual disability

Answer 19

A disorder evident in childhood as significantly below average intellectual and adaptive functioning

Question 20

What are the 3 domains of difficulty in intellectual disability

Answer 20

• conceptual (e.g. memory, language)
• social (e.g. friend problems)
• practical (personal care, jobs)

Question 21

Describe the IQ and prevalence for intellectual disability

Answer 21

IQ: 70-75 or below
Prevalence: 2% of population

Question 22

List some adaptive problems of intellectual disability

Answer 22

• communication
• self care
• home living
• work
• academic skills
• self-direction

Question 23

List in order the levels of severity of intellectual disability

Answer 23

• mild
• moderate
• severe
• profound

Question 24

What is the IQ level for mild intellectual disability?

Answer 24

50 or 55 to 70

Question 25

What is the IQ level for moderate intellectual disability?

Answer 25

35-40 to 50-55

Question 26

What is the IQ level for severe intellectual disability?

Answer 26

20-25 to 35-40

Question 27

What is the IQ level for profound intellectual disability?

Answer 27

Below 20-25

Question 28

List the 7 causal prenatal factors for intellectual disability

Answer 28

- fetal alcohol syndrome - disease - chemicals - poor nutrition - lack of oxygen during birth - malnutrition - head injuries

Question 29

List 5 genetic influences for intellectual disability

Answer 29

- multiple genes - chromosomal disorders - mitochondrial disorders - multiple genetic mutations

Question 30

What other syndromes can influence intellectual disability?

Answer 30

- De novo disorders - tuberous sclerosis - phenylketonuria (PKU) - lesch-nyham syndrome

Question 31

Describe 5 characteristics of fragile x syndrome

Answer 31

- learning disabilities - hyperactivity - short attention spans - gaze avoidance - preservative speech

Question 32

What are four ways to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 32

- early detection - focus on child and family functioning - community based intervention - transdisciplinary team

Question 33

Why is failed parenting a historical view of autism?

Answer 33

- perfectionistic, cold and aloof - higher economic status - higher IQ's

Question 34

List and describe the four main causes of intellectual disability

Answer 34

- environmental: e.g. deprivation or abuse - prenatal: e.g. exposure to disease or drugs in the womb - perinatal: difficulties during labor and delivery - postnatal: e.g. infections or head injury