neurologic anatomy of the skull/cranial cavity Flashcards by Jessica Buddenbaum

rhinorrhea

CSF leaking through nose

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two parts of the skull

neurocranium - vault around the brain and viscerocranium - forms the skeleton of the face

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the viscerocranium is formed mainly from the embryonic _______

pharyngeal arches

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At birth, why is the viscerocranium especially small compared to the neurocranium?

Virtual absence of paranasal sinuses (maxillary sinus) Teeth have not erupted Small size of the mandible

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the nasal cavity and forms the floor of the orbit

MAXILLA

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forms the forehead and superior aspects of the orbit

frontal bone

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form the check bones and also contributes to the orbit

zygomatic bones

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the lower jaw bone

mandible

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the foramina in the anterior aspect of the skull are necessary for the passage of nerve branches including ____

trigeminal nerve

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the area where the 4 flat bones of the skull articulate together

Pterion

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paired parietal bones are joined by the midline

sagittal suture

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parietal bones articulate with the occipital bone via the ____ suture

lambdoid

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a prominent osseous protrusion posteriorly

external occipital protuberance EOP

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what is this structure

Pterion

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______ is formed by the paired parietal bones, frontal bone, and the occipital bone

skull cap

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Internal aspect of the skull cap reveals numerous grooves which mark the location of the _________

middle meningeal blood vessels

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tufts of arachnoid mater that serve as sites for reabsorption of CSF into the venous system

arachnoid granulations

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3 layers of skull bone

dense outer layer

middle diploe

thin inner table

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the small recesses or “pits” called ______ produced by the arachnoidgranulations

foveolae

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this artery runs just beneath the pterion

middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary)

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The middle meningeal artery can be lacerated following trauma to the pterion resulting in an _______ and subsequent herniation of the brain

epidural hematoma

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Ossification of the skull is _______ at birth to allow for continued brain growth and facilitate passage through the birth canal

incomplete

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_____ and _____ in the infant skull are areas of membrane not yet replaced by bone

sutures

fontanelles

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anterior fontanelle closes

18-24 months

in an infant, the anterior fontanelle is _____ if severely dehydrated

sunken

in an infant, the anterior fontanelle is ______ if increased intracranial pressure (hydrocephaly, encephalitis)

Bulging

If there is premature closure (fusion) at one of the sutures ________ occurs along other suture lines to compensate for the growing brain

… …compensatory growth

Enlargement/growth of the neurocranium occurs by bony deposition via __________ at these sutures and fontanelles

(intramembranous bone formation)

premature closure of the sagittal suture which prevents normal growth in the width of the skull

scaphocephaly

premature closure of coronal suture which prevents normal growth in the length of the skull…

brachycephaly

scaphocephaly results in a \_\_\_(shape)\_\_\_ neurocranium

long and narrow

brachycephaly results in a _____ neurocranium

short - wide

coverings that surround and protect the brain

cranial meninges

layers of cranial meninges

1. dura mater - thick dense external fibrous membrane 2. arachnoid mater - delicate intermediate membrane with fine trabeculuae 3. pia mater - a delicate inner membrane closely adhered to surface of brain and its contours

Collectively, the arachnoid and pia are referred to as the \_\_\_\_\_\_

leptomeninges

what is between the arachnoid and pia mater?

subarachnoid space

Subarachnoid space contains the ____________ and is continuous with the space around the spinal cord

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protrude through the dura into the venous sinus

arachnoid granulations

The arachnoid granulations serve to ____ the circulating CSF into the \_\_\_\_

transfer venous system

Excess CSF is reabsorbed into the venous circulation via the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

arachnoid granulations

areas where the subarachnoid space enlarges are called

cisterns

name the 4 cisterns

Cerebellomedullary cistern (aka..cisterna magna)- largest Quadrigeminal cistern Pontomedullary cistern Interpeduncular cistern

label the cisterns

how many layers in the dura mater

2 - outer periosteal - inner periosteal

the outer periosteal dura and inner meningeal dura diverge to form _______ which collect and drain venous blood from the brain and surrounding areas

dural venous sinus

the inner meningeal layer converges to form septa or _______ which serve to separate and support parts of the brain

dural partitions

a vertical sickle-shaped septa that separates the cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebri

horizontal septa which separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

common site of brain herniations

tentorial notch

Large veins from the surface of the brain empty into these sinuses and venous blood eventually drains into the \_\_\_\_\_\_

internal jugular veins (IJV)

dural venous sinus that lies on both sides of the pituitary gland

cavernous sinus

these nerves traverse the cavernous sinus

- Oculomotor (CN III) - Trochlear (CN IV) - Trigeminal divisions V1 and V2 - Abducens nerve (CN VI)

what artery traverses the cavernous sinus

internal carotid

a life threatening infection in the cavernous sinus

cavernous sinus thrombosis

life threatening facial infection results when facial veins drain blood into the cavernous sinus and into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

danger triangle

infections in the oral cavity (dental abscess) as well as sinus infections, can spread into the ________ via venous tributaries

cavernous sinus

symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis

Eye/orbital swelling (venous congestion) Facial pain or numbness (along V1 & V2) Dysfunctional eye movements (CN III, IV, & VI) Meningitis

a ‘potential’ space between the dura and the skull

Epidural Space-

a ‘potential space’ between the dura and the arachnoid

Subdural Space-

real space between the arachnoid and pia and contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and large cerebral vessels

Subarachnoid Space

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are due to rupture of a meningeal artery

Epidural hematomas

epidural hematoma on imaging studies

Classic biconvex “lens-like” appearance

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are due to rupture of a cerebral veins or “bridging veins”

Subdural hematomas

subdural hematomas on imaginge

Classic “crescent shaped” appearance on imaging studies

onset of subdural hematomas

days to weeks, since venous system is less pressure

Subarachnoid hemorrhage are often from ruptured aneurysms of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

cerebral arteries

onset of subarachnoid headache

sudden - described as worst headache of life, "thunderclap" headache

presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear

Hemotympanum or hematotympanum

battle sign

bruising over the mastoid process as a result of extravasation of blood - post auricular/mastoid ecchymosis

“Raccoon Eyes”

Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis

nAnterior fossa houses the

frontal lobes

Middle fossa houses the

temporal lobes

Posterior fossa houses the

pons/medulla & cerebellum

\_\_\_\_\_\_ houses and protects the pituitary gland

sella turcica

Foramina in the cranial cavity are for the passage of specific\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_

cranial nerves and blood vessels

cribriform plate of foramen houses

olfactory nerve CN I

the optic canal foramen houses

Optic nerve (CN II) & ophthalmic artery

the superior orbital fissure foramen houses

CNs III, IV, V1, VI & ophthalmic veins

foramen rotundum houses

Maxillary division of Trigeminal V2

foramen ovale houses

Mandibular division of Trigeminal V3

Carotid canal houses

Internal carotid artery

foramen spinosum foramen houses

Middle meningeal artery

internal acoustic meatus houses

Facial (CN VII) & vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

jugular foramen houses

Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), & accessory (XI)

hypoglossal canal houses

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

The cranial dura mater is _____ and receives sensory innervation from several sources

highly innervated

provides the majority of the sensory branches (called meningeal nerves) into the cranial cavity to innervate the dura mater

Trigeminal nerve (V1, V2 and V3)

signs of skull base fractures

Raccoon Eyes, Hemotympanum, and Battle sign (post auricular/mastoid ecchymosis), and oto/rhinnorrhea

neurologic anatomy of the skull/cranial cavity Flashcards

(90 cards)