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S1 First aid > neurology > Flashcards

neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gliobastoma multiforme?

A

grade 4 astrocytoma, located in the cerebral hemisphere, can cross the corpus calosum
histo: GFAP+, Pseudopalisading cell

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2
Q

Oligodendroglioma is?

A

location: frontal lobe
histo: oligodendrocytes, fried egg, chicken-wire apillery pattern

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3
Q

meningioma is?

A

location parasagittal region, histo: arachnoid cells, spindel cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern, psammona bodies (laminated calcification)

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4
Q

hemanglioblastoma is?

A

location: mostly cebellar, associ. with hippel-lindau sy. when found in the retinal angiomas. can poroduce erythopoetin.
hist: blood vessel, closely arranged thin walled capillaries

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5
Q

schwannoma is?

A

location cerbellopontine angle, invol. CN 7,8

histo: s100. hyper/hypocellular areas containing spindel cell, myxoid areas

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6
Q

Charcot-Marie-tooth disease

A

usul atosom. domi. associ. with foot deformities. CMT1A and caused by pm22 gene

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7
Q

barbiturates

A

-bital, facilitate gaba by action by increasing the duration cl- channel opening

induces cytochrome 450

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8
Q

benzos

A

-pam and chlodiazepoxide

facilitate gaba by increasing the frequency of opening

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9
Q

nonbezos hynotics

A

ZZZ, zolpidem

acts by bz1 subtype gaba receptor

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10
Q

Chiari I malformation

A

Ectopia of cerebral tonsils inferior to foramen magnum. associ. with spinal cavitations (eg synringomyelia)

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11
Q

Chiari Il malformation

A

Herniation of cerebral vermis and tosils

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12
Q

Basal ganglia brain lesion

A

results in tremor, chorea, athetosis . Parkison, Huntington

caused by the lenticulostriate artery

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13
Q

Hippocampus brain lesion

A

anterograde amnesia— inability to make new memory

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14
Q

Dominant parietal cortex brain lesion

A

Gerstmann syndrome, agraphia, acalculia, left-right disoritation

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15
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

controlateral hemibalismus

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16
Q

mammillary body bilateral

A

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome-Confusion

Ataxia, Nystagmus, Othalmoplegia

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17
Q

Amygdala

A

Klüver-Bucy: disinhib. behavior—-> HSV1 encephalitis

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18
Q

Read nucleus/midbrain

A

decorticate posturing: fexors of the upper and lower ext. extensors

Decerebrate is the opposite

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19
Q

Cecebrall vermis

A

Truncal ataxia, drucken sailer, Nystagmus

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20
Q

Epidural hemorrhage

A

middle meningeal artery—lentiform

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21
Q

Subdural hemorrhage

A

bridging veins—-cresent shape

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22
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

aneurysm or trauma—

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23
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

hypertension

Charcot- Bouchard

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24
Q

BASilry artery stroke

A

Locked in syndrome (locked in the BASement)

SY: quadrplagia, loss of voluntery eye movement, consiousness

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25
Broca
inf. frontal gyrus expressive, Broca= Broken Boca
26
Wernicke
suprior temporal gyrus receptive, Wernicke=Word salad
27
Saccular aneurysm
Also known as berry aneurism /biforcation at the circle of willi, Ehlers, hypertension etc
28
Charcot- bouchard aneurysm
Common, chron. hypert. not visible on angio.
29
Cluster H.
unilateral, periorbital sometimes with Horne Syndrome
30
Migraine
unilateral pulsating pain, photophobia
31
Tension
bilateral, steady band like pain
32
Parkinson
Lewy bodies: composed od alpha-syneuclein (intracell. eosinophilic inclusions
33
Huntington
autsom. dominane trinucleotide CAG, repeat expasion in huntingtin (HTT) gene chrom. Dopamin increase, GABA decrease and ACh decrease. Death of NMDA-receptors CAG Caudate loses ACh and GABA Atrophy of the caudate and putamen
34
Alzheimer
most common. Down syn. APP is located on chrom 21. altered proteins: Apo2 decreased, Apo4 increased APP (Amyloid precursor protein), presenilin1 and 2: familial form Neurofibrillary tangles, tau protein Senile plaques in gray matter: extracellular beta amyloid core
35
Frontotemporal Dementia
Formerly known as Pick disease. Early changes in personality and behavior, or aphasia. May be associ. with movement disorders. FT Lobe degeneration
36
Lewy body dementia
Intracellular Lewy bodies in the cortex. Visual hallucination 'HaLEWYcination', dementia with fluctuating cognition/ altertness, REM sleep behavior disorder and parkinsonism
37
Vascular dementia
Result of multiple arterial infarts and or chronic ischemia, Step-wise decline. MRT: Cortical or Sucortical infarcts
38
Creuzfelt-Jakob disease
rapid progr. demtia with myoclonus and ataxia, Spogiform cortex Prion PrPc beta-plat-sheet resistant to protease EEG sharp waves and increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF
39
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
aka pseudotumor cerebri. Increased ICP on imagings. | SY: Headache, tinnitus, diplopia, CN VI palsy---->pailleedema
40
normal pressure hydrocephalus
elderly, CSF openin pressure is nomal triad: urinary in., gait ataxia, cognitive dysfunction
41
Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy
subtype: Guillain- Barre syndrome
42
Tuberous sclerosis
AD variable expr. TSC1 Mutation on Chromosome 9 TSC2 mutation on chromosome 16 Tumer Suppressor genes. HAMARTOMASS in the CNS Harmatomas, Angiofibrosi, Mitral regurgitation, Ash-leaf spots, cardiac Rhabdomyoma (Tuberous sclerosis), auto. dOminant; Mental retardation, renal Angiomyolipoma, Seizures, Shagreen patches.
43
Neurofibromatosis type I
AKA von Recklinghausen AD 100% penetrance, NF1 Mutation in tumor supressor gene CICLOPSS Cafe au lait spots, Interl. dis., Cutaneous neurofibromtas, Lish nodules (pigmented iris harmatos) Optic gliomas, Pheochromocytoma, Seizues/ focal neurologic Signs (often form meningioma), bone lesions (eg, sphenoid dysplasia)
44
Neurofibromatosis II
AD. Mutation in NF2 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 22. Bilat. vestibular schwannomas, juvenile cataracts, meningiomas, ependymomas NF2 affects 2ears 2 eyes and 2 parts of the brain
45
Sturge-Weber-Syndrome
Congenital nonhereditary anomaly of neural crest derivatives. Somatic mosaism of activating mutation in one copy of the GNAQ gene. SSTURGGE: Sporadic, port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications, Unilateral, interl. dis. (Retardation), Glaucoma, GNAQ gene, Epilepsy
46
von Hippel lindau
VHL=3 Letters (Chrom.3p), HARP | Hemangioblastoma, Angiomatosis, bil. Renal cell carcimoa; Pheochromacytomas
47
Polio
anterior horn LMN
48
Friedreich Ataxia
AR Trinucl. repeat dis. GAA on chrom 9 degeration of most tracts Staggering gait, DM, HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY Kyphoscoliosis
49
jaw deviation towards the side of the lesion
CN V
50
Uvula deviation away from the lesion
CN X
51
head move controlat. to the lesion
CN XI Trapezius
52
tonugue deviates toward the lesion
CN XII
53
Conduction hearing loss
towards the affected Rinne test: BONE>AIR
54
Sensorineural hearing loss
localized towards unaffected ear Rinne test: Reduced bilaterally; AIR>BONE
55
Horner Sy. associ. lesion
1rst neuron: pontine hemorrhage, lat. medullary syndrome, spinal cord lesion T1: Brown Sequard Syn., late stage of synringomylia) 2nd neuron: stellate ganglion compression by Pancoast tumor 3rd neuron: carotid dissection (painful)
56
Miosis
The SHORT ciliary nerves SHORten the pupil diameter
57
Pupillary reflex
message sent via CN II (pretectal nuclei), to the Westfal (midbrain)
58
Mydriasis
Long ciliary
59
Leukoria
Loss of the red reflex----->retinoblastoma, cong. cataract, toxocariasis
60
Pailledema
Optic disc swelling due to ICP increase, 2°mass effect. Enlarged Optic disc
61
Retinits pigmentosa
Inheri. retinal degen. night blindness. Bone spicule-shaped deposits around macula
62
Central retinal artery occlusion
Acute, painless monocular vision loss. Retina loudy with attenuated vessels an d cherry red spot at the fovea. Embolic Sorce evaluation.
63
rentinal detachment
seperation of the neurosensory layer of the retina from the pigmented. 2° DM, effusions. inflamm. flashes and floaters
64
Hypertensive retinopathy
uncrontrolled HTN Flamed shaped retinal hemorrhages, av nicking,

S1 First aid (20 decks)

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