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TERM 2 > Neurology #2 > Flashcards

Neurology #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three meninges connective tissue layers that protect the Central Nervous System from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater

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2
Q

What is the more tough and fibrous outer layer of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater

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3
Q

What layer anchors to the skull?

A

dura mater

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4
Q

What is the more delicate fibrous middle membrane of the meninges?

A

arachnoid mater

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5
Q

What does the name arachnoid refer to?

A

It refers to its delicate spider web-like network of collagen fibers.

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6
Q

Which meninges layer is vascularized?

A

the meninges layer that is vascularized is the pia mater

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7
Q

Which meninges layer firmly adheres to the brain?

A

pia mater

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8
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

they line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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9
Q

How many connecting ventricle cavities are there in the brain?

A

Four connecting Ventricle Cavities

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10
Q

What are the connecting ventricle cavities of the brain filled with?

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

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11
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid?

A

It is a clear, colorless liquid that acts to lesson the impact of a blow to the head
It also serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain.

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12
Q

What produces cerebral spinal fluid and where does it come from?

A

Ependymal cells produce

Comes from filtered blood in the ventricles

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13
Q

Where does cerebral spinal fluid circulate?

A

It circulates in subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

What moves the cerebral spinal fluid along?

A

Cilia on the surface of the ependymal cells that extend into the ventricular cavities and move CSF

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15
Q

What is the normal total volume of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

125-150 ml

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16
Q

How much cerebral spinal fluid is produced a day?

A

400-500 ml/day

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17
Q

What do dural sinuses do?

A

they carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck.

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18
Q

What is the aka for dural sinuses?

A

cranial sinuses

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19
Q

Where are dural sinuses located?

A

They are found between the two layers of the dura mater.

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20
Q

What do the dural sinuses lack?

A

They lack the 3 tunics of arteries and veins.

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21
Q

When cerebral spinal fluid builds up within the ventricles what is the condition called?

A

Hydrocephalus

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22
Q

What is the Calvaria made up of?

A

It is made up of two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone called the diploe.

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23
Q

What is the spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone in calvaria called?

A

diploe

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24
Q

What is the Calvaria?

A

Is the upper dome like portion of the skull.

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25
What does the calvaria consist of?
frontal, parietal and occipital bones
26
How is the diploic space drained?
It is drained through the diploic veins and are in turn drained by emissary veins travelling in the parietal and occipital foramina.
27
Where is the flow of emissary veins always coming from?
the brain
28
How does the skull cool itself?
by allowing fluids to cool on the surface and then havening them flow back inward to cool the skull
29
Where can hematoma occur?
Subdural and epidural spaces
30
What is hematoma?
is a localized mass of extravasated blood, usually clotted.
31
What is a possible outcome of hematoma?
increase in intracranial pressure can lead to fatal brain tissue damage
32
What are some symptoms of cerebral hematoma?
Severe headache deterioration of consciousness motor dysfunction.
33
How is hematoma treated?
Holes are promptly drilled for evacuation of the extradural clot.
34
What can be a cause of hematoma?
A blow to the skull can create an epidural hematoma between the skull and the dura. It can cause a fracture that transects a blood vessel
35
Which cranial artery is the most susceptible to taking damage?
The meningeal artery | It lies in a groove in a part of the parietal bone that is very thin in the region of the temple.
36
At what age is a subdural hematoma more common and why?
More common in the elderly because of normal brain shrinkage that occurs. The shrinkage stretches and weakens the bridging veins leaving it more susceptible to leakage
37
What is a chronic subdural hematoma?
an old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura. Blood leaks from the veins slowly overtime.
38
Does sensory or afferent information get sent or from the PNS?
From the PNS to the CNS
39
What is proprioception?
the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body without the use of vision.
40
What is Romberg's test?
It is a test of the proprioception receptors and pathway function. The patient is asked to close their eyes while standing and if they fall it is considered a positive Romberg's test
41
What is exteroception?
It is the perception of the outside world
42
What is interoception?
Is the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, air hunger, and emotional awareness.
43
What form does internal and external information take once it reaches the CNS?
Action potential aka neve impulses
44
What is a sensory receptor?
Sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulis in the internal or external environment of an organism and converts it into an AP
45
What is habituation?
Is a decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus
46
What sensitization?
Is an increased response to a repeated stimulus
47
What type of neuron are most sensory receptors attached to?
Unipolar
48
All Unipolar neurons are attached to what type of receptor?
Afferent receptors/ Sensory receptors
49
In a unipolar neuron the peripheral axon is always associated with what part?
Sensory receptor
50
Ina unipolar neuron the central axon always enters where?
The Central Nervous System
51
What is transduction?
sensory receptors ability to convert stimulus energy into action potentials.
52
What does depolarization mean?
Signifies that a neuron is in the process of sending a nerve impulse
53
What is adaption?
The decrease in sensory receptors (PNS) sensitivity during a long last stimulus
54
Which receptors are termed slow adapting?
receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stimulus example: nociceptors / pain receptors
55
What would be some examples of fast adapting cells?
Olfactory receptors | Smell
56
What is the point in which a sensory receptor can no longer detect a sensation known as?
The absolute threshold
57
If you can barely hear a sound it is known as?
the absolute threshold
58
What is a difference threshold?
the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we notice the change.
59
What does Weber's law state about what is needed for us to notice a difference between two stimuli?
States the more intense the stimulus, the more it will need to change before we notice the difference
60
What is a receptive field?
Every receptor has a defined area in the periphery, over which it can receive input
61
What is spatial discrimination?
The ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and to detect that neighboring stimuli are actually seperate
62
Areas with smaller receptive fields and a higher concentration would be more or less sensitive?
More sensitive
63
What is the two point threshold?
It is the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate

TERM 2 (12 decks)

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