Systems Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What is essential to immunity?
A
The capacity to recognize foreign invaders (non-self)
2
Q
What problems arise with recognizing foreign invaders?
A
When the bodies response to a foreign invader is to excessive or when your own healthy tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous
3
Q
When the bodies response to a foreign invader is to excessive its usually due to?
A
Allergies
Hypersensitivity
4
Q
when your own healthy tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous it can be due to an?
A
Autoimmunity
5
Q
What is a microbe?
A
Bacteria, Viruses
6
Q
What is an antimicrobial substance?
A
It tends to kill or damage microbes - eg lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells
7
Q
What is an antigen?
A
Large molecules (usually proteins or polysaccharides that elicit specific responses from hosts)
8
Q
What is an epitope?
A
A specific discrete component of an antigen that attract immune response
9
Q
What are the two responses of the immune system?
A
Innate and Adaptive
10
Q
Define an innate immune response?
A
A general response. It is the first line of defense. We are born with it.
11
Q
What are some examples of innate immune response?
A
Skin/ Mucous Membrane
Inflammation/ Fever
Stimulates adaptive responses
12
Q
What is an example of first line defense?
A
Skin Mucous membrane
13
Q
What is an example of a second line of defense?
A
Antimicrobial substances, and natural killer cells and phagocytes,
14
Q
What are the primary cells for adaptive immunity?
A
B lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
15
Q
What are accessory cells?
A
They are phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils) that kill or break apart an invader.
16
Q
What do dendritic cells do?
A
Presents antigens/ epitopes to killers
17
Q
What humoral immunity?
A
In blood and lymph there are a high number of immune cells and other immune materials.
18
Q
How are B Cells a key player in humoral immunity?
A
Great at recognizing microbes and antigens
19
Q
What happens when a b cell is activated?
A
It selects the type of clone needed.
20
Q
What is a b cell called when it reaches full maturation?
A
Plasma cell
21
Q
What do antibodies bind to and what happens when this happens?
A
Bind to epitopes and either kill/neutralize the invader, or present them to t cells or macrophages
22
Q
Can some B cells become memory cells?
A
Yes
23
Q
What are memory cells and what do they do?
A
They stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs
24
Q
What are the five types of antibodies?
A
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
25
What antibody makes up 70 to 80% of all antibodies in the body?
IgG
26
What is the only type of antibody that crosses the placenta?
IgG
27
Where does IgG diffuse from in the body?
Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues
28
What are the actions of IgG?
Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
29
What antibody activates killer cells?
IgG
30
What antibody activates the compliment system?
IgG
31
Which antibody is predominantly found in saliva, tears, nasal and respiratory secretions?
IgA
32
What antibody is found in breast milk?
IgA
33
What does the antibody IgA block entry to?
Blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory and urinary tracts
34
What antibody remains within blood and lymph?
IgM
35
What antibody is considered an early responder?
IgM
36
What is the first Ig formed after immunization?
IgM
37
What antibody forms natural ABO blood antibodies?
IgM
38
What antibody is needed for t cell maturation?
IgD
39
What antibody is found in tiny amounts in plasma?
IgE
40
What antibody binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory responses?
IgE
41
Which Antibody attracts eosinophils?
IgE
42
Antibody is related to the allergic/ hypersensivity reaction connected with asthma?
IgE
43
Can you have a genectic predisposition to producing excess IgE?
Yes
44
What are antigen presenting cells?
These are cells that bind to and/or breakdown antigens. They present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable.
45
What are some examples of an antigen presenting cell?
B Cells, Macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as presenting cells.
46
What cells do antigen presenting cells present to?
T cells and sometimes phagocytizing cells
47
What are t cells responsible for?
cell mediated or cellular immunity
48
The secretion compounds of a t cell that communicate with immune system cells do what?
- attract cells
- prevent cells from leaving the area
- amplify effectiveness of cells
- increase or decrease cell reactions
- activate and regulate b cells
- signal natural killer cells
- increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
- determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
49
What cells help kill tumor cells?
T cells
50
What cells responsible for the control of intracellular (viral) infections and rejecting of foreign tissue grafts?
T cells
51
What activates a allergen response in an IgE antibody?
T cELL
52
What cell is involved in deciphering what is self vs non self?
T cELL
53
What are the three types of T cells?
T Helpers
Regulatory T Cells
T-Cytotoxic
54
What is the key regulatory cell of the immune system?
T Helpers
55
What cells suppress/ modify immune responses?
Regulatory T Cells
56
What cell helps ensure the responses matches the situation and that healthy self cells are not killed?
Regulatory T Cells
57
What T cell destroys and identifies / presented antigens?
T-Cytotoxic
58
What T cell is involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence?
T-Cytotoxic
59
What is the Major Histocompatibility complex?
Group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility
60
What is the Major Histocompatibility complex known as in humans?
Human Leukocyte antigens
61
What are the two classes of Human Leukocyte antigens?
Class 1 are on all cell surfaces
| Class 2 are on immune system cells
62
How does Human Leukocyte antigen effect t cells?
They lead T Cells to attacking or ignoring an antigen.
63
What are some causes of autoimmunity?
- Some HLA activate autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or can be triggered by an implant
- Over response of immune activities
- reduced t-cell suppressor response
- the body tissue being attacked may have similar characteristics to a microbe the body has just battled
64
How does the auto immunity response develop into things such as Rheumatoid arthritis or lupus?
Auto immunity involves the production of auto antibodies that bind with self molecules to create immune complexes.
These immune complexes subject them to intense tissue destruction from immune system responses and their sequelae.
65
How is that self cells can be marked as dangerous?
Since some cells get infected and targeted for destruction sometimes the body can misidentify self cell for being dangerous
66
What does immune complexes attract?
inflammatory and cytotoxic reactions ie rheumatoid arthritis
67
What does hypersensitivity disorders involve?
refers to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune of exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage.
68
What antigen activates a type 1 hypersensitivity disorder or immediate hypersensitivity?
IgE
69
Type 1 hypersensitivity disorder is often referred to as?
Allergic reactions
70
When an allergic response is life threatening it is known as?
anaphylaxis
71
If the allergic reaction is local what is it known as?
Atopic
72
What are the 5 Atopic reactions?
1. Allergic Rhinitis
2. Asthma
3. Urticaria (hives)
4. Angioedema
5. Gastrointestinal food allergies
73
What is allergic rhinitis?
Itchy runny inflamed nose
74
What is angioedema?
Generalized edema of the skin, lips, face, tongue or pharynx
75
What antigens mediate Type 2- Antibody mediated hypersensitivity?
IgM or IgG
76
How can type two hypersensitivity disorder be characterized?
formation of antibodies directed against blood cells, and their destruction.
77
What are four reactions of type 2 Antibody mediated hypersensitivity?
1. Erythroblastosis fetalis
2. Blood transfusion reactions
3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
78
Which type 2 mediated hypersensitivity response occurs when the mothers Rh- and fetus is RH+?
Erythrolblastosis fetalis
79
What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?
When antibodies produced by patients own body are responsible for the hemolysis of erythrocytes
80
What Type 2 responses can be treated with corticosteroids and splenectomy? autoimmune hemolytic anemia treated?
autoimmune hemolytic anemia/ Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
81
What happens in an autoimmune thrombocytopenia?
Antibodies directed against killing platelets are developed. some signs: small hemorrhages, purpora (bruising), and mucosal bleeding
82
Type 3 Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity involve what antigens?
IgM / IgG
83
What are three response of type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity?
1. Serum sickness
2. Glomerulonephritis
3. Polyarteritis nodosa
84
What is Glomerulonephritis?
an acute streptococcal infection responsible for the formation of antibodies
85
What is Polyarteritis nodosa?
a disease characterized by the inflammation and necrosis of medium sized arteries with secondary ischemia of the tissues supplied by the affected blood vessels
86
What mediates type 4 delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivity?
T lymphocytes
87
What are the 2 types of type 4 delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivity?
1. Contact Dermatitis
| 2. Graft rejection
88
Define what a microbe or microorganism is?
Organism so small they are invisible to the eye and can only be seem with a microscope. Can be pathogens or non-pathogens
89
What does Virulence mean?
The disease producing potential of an invading organism
90
What is microflora?
a Multitude of non harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body
91
What is a Saprophyte?
Free living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in the environment
92
What is Commensalism?
page 2
93
bacteria that lives in the intestines and feeds off of undigested food also produce vitamins beneficial to humans this sort of relationship is known as?
Mutualism
94
What does parastitic mean?
Bacteria have a great time but host remains sick
95
What are prions?
page 3
96
Which organisms combine the characteristics of viruses and bacteria?
Ricksettsia, Chlamydia, coxiella, mycoplasma
97
What is Ricksettsia, Chlamydia, coxiella, mycoplasma
Page 4
98
What fungi is known as being opportunistic in immunosuppressed patients, can cause infection in the oral cavity/ vagina and can harmlessly on skin?
Candida
99
What are the two types of fungi?
Yeasts and Molds
100
Describe yeast and mold?
page 5
101
How do yeasts and molds protect themselves from anti biotics?
Rigid cell wall that is chemically unrelated to the peptidoglycan of bacteria
102
What are some types of parasites?
Page 5
103
What are some sources of infection?
Page 6
104
What are different stages of the course of a disease?
```
Incubation Period
Prodromal stage
Acute stage
convalescent stage
resolution stage
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105
What is happening during incubation period?
pathogen begins active replication without producing symptoms
106
What is happening during the prodromal stage?
Initial appearance of symptoms
107
Which stage of disease is the infection at its maximum?
Acute Stage
108
What happens during the convalescent stage?
containment of infection, and progressing toward elmination
109
How are bacteria classified?
single cell organism that is classified by species and with in a species maybe different types called strains. Whether they need oxygen to live
110
Staining
Page 10
111
what colour do gram positive bacteria turn and what colour do gram negative bacteria turn into?
Positive: Purple
Negative: Pink
112
Bacteria that needs oxygen is known as what?
Aerobes
113
Bacteria that does not need oxygen?
anaerobes
114
Bacteria that can live with and without oxygen are known as?
Facultative
115
What are the two types of toxins?
Exotoxins
| Endotoxins
116
What toxin does gram positive bacteria secrete?
Exotoxins
117
What toxin does gram negative bacteria secrete?
endotoxins
118
What is dental plaque an example of?
Biofilm
119
How can bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
can develop resistance to drugs because their genes may mutate
120
What is Staphylococcal (staph) infections and Streptococcal (strep) infections?
Page 13
121
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
skin eating disease
122
What is impetigo?
A skin infection
123
What are some common diseases caused by bacteria?
```
Rheumatic fever
Bacterial meningitis
Respiratory tract infections
Enteric bacterial infections
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract
Lymes disease
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