NEUROLOGY 4 Flashcards by Kashvi Pandya

Q

what is a seizure/why does it occur?

A

-imbalance of excitatpry & inhibitory influences on cerebral neurons
-too many cells become excited n synchronise

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Q

what is the tonic phase in a seizure?
clonic phase?

A

-tonic is limbs stuck and outstretched
-clonic is paddling of legs

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Q

-what is pre-ictal phenomenon?
-ictus?
-post-ictal phenomenon + examples?

A

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Q

[seizure clinical description] what is the difference between generalised & focal seizures?

A

generalized: involves both cerebral hemispheres
focal: only part of cerebral hemisphere

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Q

[seizure clinical description] what are types of generalised seizures?

A

-tonic-clonic
-tonic

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Q

[seizure clinical description] what are 2 types of focal seizures?

A

-simple: conciousness is well preserved
-complex: conciousness is affected

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Q

what is the definition of a “cluster of seizures”?

A

two (+) seizures in a 24-hr period
OR one seizure per day

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Q

what is the definition of status epilepticus?

A

a seizure that shows no
clinical signs of arresting after 5 minutes of
activity, or recurrent seizures with no recovery
between them

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Q

what is paroxysmal dyskinesias?
-how can it be differentiated form seizures?
-some possible causes?

A

-differentiated:: patients are often aware and concious. episodes last long time

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Q

what are 3 types/broad causes of epilspsy?

A

1-idiopathic epilepsy
2-symptomatic epilepsy
-cryptogenic epileysy

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Q

A

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Q

A

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Q

-which species gets more idiopathic epilepsy: cats or dogs?
-what is the age range for idiopathic epilepsy?

A

dogs
6mo-6yrs

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Q

describe the tx outcomes of seizure management

A

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Q

how can you investigate seizure activity?
[5 steps sorta?]

A

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Q

anti-seizure medication should be started after unsuccessful investigation into underlying cause. what are 5 indications to start anti-seizure meds?

Study These Flashcards

A

-after unsuccessful investigation into underlying cause

Q

what are 3 anti-seizure drugs that are lisenced in dogs?

Study These Flashcards

A

-phenobarbitone/barbital
-imepitoin
-potassium bromide

Q

what are seizure drugs lisenced in cats?

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A

Q

what are some (5) off-lisence anti-seizure drugs?

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A

-levetiracetam
-zonisamide
-gabapentin
-pregabalin
-topiramate

Q

phenobarbitone:
-what is the MOA?
-what are some expected side effects?
-what are some expected bloodwork changes due to side effects?

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A

Q

phenobarbitone:
-what should be done to monitor side effects?

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A

Q

potassium bromide:
-what is the MOA?
-what are some side effects?

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A

Q

potassium bromide:
-what should be done to monitor side effects?

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A

-dietary management: increase Cl
-assess serum levels n kidney function

Q

which drug woul d be better for urgent action: phenobarbitol or potassium bromide?

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A

phenobarbitone: reaches steady state faster

imepitoin: -what is the MOA? -what should be done to monitor?

levetiracetam: -what is the MOA? -what are some side effects? -what should be done to monitor?

zonisamide: -what is the MOA? -side effects?

moa complex -IDK WHAT OT EMORIZE!! -used in the US more

benzodiazepines: -what is the MOA? -two examples drugs?

-GABA agonist -diazepam/midazolam

out of the anti-seizure drugs discussed, which can be used in an emergency setting?

what are some diagnostics for a patient newly seizing with ASD? -what do you add diagnostically if this is a returning patient?

what are 2 first line emergency anti-seizure meds?(5-30 mins)

-diazepam -midazolam

what are 2 preffered second line emergency anti-seizure meds? (30-60 mins) -what si a third possibility?

-phenobarbital -levetiracetam -can also do potassium bromide but not as good [due to long time till steady state]

what are 2 third line emergency anti-seizure meds? (60-120 mins)

-levetiracetam -propofol

what is a fourth line emergency ant-seizure med? (>120 mins)

-ketamine -inhalant anaesthesia