Neurology

Question 1

anterior cerebral artery stroke

Answer 1

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss

Question 2

middle cerebral artery stroke

Answer 2

contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss
aphasia (communication difficulties)
contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 3

posterior cerebral artery stroke

Answer 3

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
visual agnosia (can see but cant recognise)

Question 4

Webers syndrome artery and affects?

Answer 4

branches of posterior cerebral that supply the mid brain
ipsilateral CNIII palsy (eye down and out)
Contralateral weakness of limbs

Question 5

Wallenburg syndrome artery and affects?

Answer 5

posterior inferior cerebellar
ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss
contralateral torso/limb pain and temperature loss

Question 6

Anterior inferior cerebral artery stroke (lateral pontine syndrome)

Answer 6

ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss
contraleteral torso/limb pain and temperature loss
ipsilateral facial paralysis and deafness

Question 7

retinal/opthalmic artery stroke

Answer 7

amaurosis fugax- painless LOV

Question 8

basilar artery stroke

Answer 8

locked in syndrome

Question 9

lucinar strokes (occlusion of single deeper artery- strong ass. with hypertension)

Answer 9

isolated hemiparesis or sensory loss

limb ataxia

Question 10

first line treatment for generalised seizures?

Answer 10

sodium valproate

enhanced production of GABA

Question 11

Treatment of primary generalised epilepsy if child bearing age/pregnant?

Answer 11

lamotrigine

inhibits Na+ entry

Question 12

treatment for focal/partial seizures

Answer 12

carmazepine or lamotrigine (inhibit Na+ entry) add on Gabapentine (inhibits Ca2+ entry)

Question 13

what kind of seizures do you see in hippocampal sclerosis?

Answer 13

complex partial seizures

Question 14

What are the main goals of antiepileptic drugs?

Answer 14

decrease excitatory neurotransmitter release (Glutamate, Ach)
increase inhibitory neurotransmitter release (GABA, Glycine)

Question 15

What is primary generalised epilepsy?

Answer 15

tonic clonic seizures

Question 16

neuropathic pain?

Answer 16

gabapentin
pregabalin
(inhibit Ca2+ entry)

Question 17

Main Se of sodium Valproate?

Answer 17

weight gain
teratogenic
hair loss
fatigue

Question 18

treatment of delayed ischeamic defecits?

Answer 18

nimodipine

CCB- vasodilator

Question 19

Dorsal column function and components?

Answer 19

ascending sensory information
fasiculus gracilus
fasiculus cuneatus
fine touch, pressure vibration

Question 20

brown sequard syndrome?

Answer 20

ipsilateral motor level
ipsilateral dorsal column (fine touch, vibration, pressure)
contralateral spinothalmic (crude touch, pain, temperature)

Question 21

Where is the primary somatosensory coretx?

Answer 21

post central gyrus in parietal lobe

Question 22

Where is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 22

pre central gyrus in frontal lobe

Question 23

where is the visual cortex?

Answer 23

occipital lobe

Question 24

Where is the auditory cortex?

Answer 24

temporal lobe

Question 25

ankle reflex

Answer 25

S1,2

Question 26

knee reflex

Answer 26

L3,4

Question 27

biceps reflex

Answer 27

C5,6

Question 28

triceps reflex

Answer 28

C7,8

Question 29

Stocking and glove sensory loos?

Answer 29

implies length dependant neuropathy

Question 30

What are pyramidal symptoms?

Answer 30

pyramidal weakness increased spasticity and tone increased DTR

Question 31

What are the common signs in pyramidal symptoms?

Answer 31

clasp knife response- sudden decrease in resistance at a joint babinskis sign- big toe extension and toe abbduction pronator drift- cant maintain palms up with arms out and eyes shut

Question 32

what are some key cerebeller symptoms?

Answer 32

``` ataxia (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements) balance and walking problems speech problems swallowing vision ```

Question 33

What are some common signs in cereberller lesions?

Answer 33

``` cerebeller gait (broad based and unsteady) intention tremor nystagmus past pointing pendular reflexes ```

Question 34

CN IV palsy?

Answer 34

diplopia

Question 35

CN VII palsy?

Answer 35

facial weakness

Question 36

what is internuclear opthomoplagia?

Answer 36

affected eye cant adduct and the other eye will nustigmus will abducting

Question 37

Spasticity treatment?

Answer 37

physio and baclofen | tinzanidine

Question 38

Sensory treatment?

Answer 38

gabapentin (anticonvulsant) | amitriptyline (antidepressant)

Question 39

oxybutynin class and use?

Answer 39

anticholinergic bladder dysfunction in MS urge incontinence

Question 40

first line tx in relapsing remmitting MS?

Answer 40

tecfidera

Question 41

treatment of myasthenia gravis?

Answer 41

``` anticholinesterase inhibitor- pyridostigmine thyectomy immunosuppresion- azathiopine acute- steroids emergency- plasma exchange ```

Question 42

nerve pain tx?

Answer 42

Amitryptaline / gabapentin

Question 43

epilepsy treatment?

Answer 43

partial seizures- carbamazapine (enzyme inducer avoid pill) then lamatrogine complex- sodium valproate, levetiracetapam

Question 44

epilepsy treatment in pregnancy?

Answer 44

lamatrogine

Question 45

acute management of cluster headache?

Answer 45

100% O2 | sc or nasal triptan

Question 46

cluster headache prophylaxis?

Answer 46

verapamil, prednisilone

Question 47

inheritance of DMD?

Answer 47

x linked recessive

Question 48

Key features and age of onset of DMD?

Answer 48

delay in motor development muscle weakness and wasting | onset 3-4 yrs

Question 49

treatment of neuropathic pain?

Answer 49

TCAs: amityiptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin, pregabalin

Question 50

Treatment for localised neuropathic pain?

Answer 50

topical capsaicin

Question 51

What causes parkingsons?

Answer 51

loss of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia niagra