Neuromuscular PT: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is white matter

Answer 1

composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body

Question 2

What is the insulating layer in white matter

Answer 2

• Myelin is the insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons
• Large population of myelin is in the white matter

Question 3

What is a tract/ lemniscus/ fasciculus/column/peduncle/ capsule

Answer 3

A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS

Question 4

What does the PNS mainly composed of?

what types of axons

Answer 4

• Afferent axons: carry information from the PNs receptors towards the CNS
• Efferent axons: carry information away from the CNS

Question 5

Where is gray matter and white matter located in the spinal cord

Answer 5

• gray matter = centrally
• white matter = peripherally

Question 6

What are the parts of the brainstem

Answer 6

• medulla
• pons
• midbrain

Question 7

What are the cranial nerves

Answer 7

1. Olfactory (S)
2. Optic (S)
3. Oculomotor (M)
4. Trochlear (M)
5. Trigeminal (B)
6. Abducens (M)
7. Facial (B)
8. Vestibulocochlear (S)
9. Glossopharyngeal (B)
10. Vagus (B)
11. Accessory (M)
12. Hypoglossal (M)

Question 8

Describe the cerebellum and its function

Answer 8

• Two large hemispheres connected by midline vermis
• Connected to posterior brainstem via superior, middle and inferior peduncles
• Function: coordinate movement

Question 9

What is the diecephalon composed of

Answer 9

• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• epithalamus
• subthalamus

Question 10

function of the thalamus

Answer 10

• relay information to the cerebral cortex,
• process emotional and memory information,
• integrate different sensations
• regulate consciousness, arousal and attention

Question 11

Function of the hypothalamus

Answer 11

• maintain homeostatsis

Question 11

function of the subthalamus

Answer 11

• controls movement

Question 12

What are gyri/sulci

Answer 12

• Gyri: round elevations on the surface of cerebral hemispheres
• Sulci: grooves

Question 13

What are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 13

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Lumbic: medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere
• Insular: section of the hemisphere buried within the lateral sulcus

Question 14

What lobes do these sulci divide

1. central sulcus
2. parieto-occipital sulcus
3. lateral sulcus

Answer 14

1. Central sulcus: between frontal and parietal
2. Parieto-occipital sulcus: parietal and occipital
3. Lateral sulcus: temporal and frontal

Question 15

describe the Cerebral cortex and its function

Answer 15

• surface of the cerebral hemispheres composed of gray matter
• Processes sensory, motor, and memory information
• Site for reason, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence and personality

Question 16

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 16

• Huge bundle of axons that connects the right and left hemispheres

Question 17

what is the internal capsule

Answer 17

Axons that project from the cerebral cortex to the subcortical structures and vice versa

Question 18

What is the basal ganglia

Answer 18

• Gray matter
• Nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres including caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus
• Involved with social and goal-oriented behavior, movement and emotions

Question 19

what is the amygdala invovled in

Answer 19

• involvded emotions and motivation

Question 20

what is the hippocampus involved in

Answer 20

• declarative memory
• process memory for facts

Question 21

What are the cavities that CSF flows in

Answer 21

• Cavities are four ventricles
• 2 lateral ventricles
• Third ventricle: midline slit in the diencephalon
• Fourth ventricle: located posterior to the pons and medulla

Question 22

What are the meninges

Answer 22

• Membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
• Pia: innermost
• Arachnoid: middle layer
• Dura: outermost layer
  Dural sinuses that return CSF and venous blood the jugular veins