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Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

how does a neuron fire?

what kind of process is it? what is the firing called?

A

its an electrochemical process
electrical INSIDE the neuron
chemical OUTSIDE the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter)
firing is called ACTION POTENTIAL

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2
Q

cell body

A

cell’s life support center

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3
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells

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4
Q

axon

A

passes messages from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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5
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

form junction w/ other cells

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers axons of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

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7
Q

neural impulse

A

electrical signal traveling down axon

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8
Q

myelin is laid down until what age?

A

25

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9
Q

do neurons touch each other?

A

no

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10
Q

whats the space called btwn neurons

A

synapse

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11
Q

idea that either the neuron fires or it does not - no part way firing is called what?
ex?

A

the all or none response/ principle

like a gun

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12
Q

steps of action potential #1

A

dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across synapse

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13
Q

step #2 of action potential after dendrites receive nerutransmitters

A

reached its threshold - the fires based on all or non response

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14
Q

step #3 of action potential after the neuron fires

A

opens up a portal axon, and lets in positive (sodium) which mix w/ negative ions (potassium) that are already inside the axon (thus neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge)

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15
Q

step #4 of action potential after ions are let in and out

A

mixing of + and - ions causes an electrical charge that opens the next portal letting in more K while closing the original portal

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16
Q

step #5 and 6 after more ion channels open

A

process continues down axon to the axon terminal
terminal buttons turn electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) & shoots message to the next neuron across synapse

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17
Q

neurons that fire together…

A

wire together

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18
Q

___ speak, _____ listen

A

axon speaks

dendrites listen

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messangers released by terminal buttons through synapse

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20
Q

ACh stands for

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

function of ACh

A

motor movement & maybe memory

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22
Q

too much vs not enough ACh

A

too much = move (muscle contraction) too muchnot enough= can’t move

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23
Q

lack of ACh is linked to what disease?

A

Alzheimers disease

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24
Q

what kind of survey blocks ACh release

A

Botox

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25
other issues with ACh? (3)
Botulim (think Botox) -Antagonist for ACh (blocks release) Black widow venom (makes heart pump too much) -Agonist for ACh (too much now) Curare (from plant, tip of dart and kills prey) -Antagonist for ACh (blocks sites)
26
is botox permanent?
no
27
what 2 poisons block release of ACh what happens?
botulin curare causes paralysis
28
Function of dopamine
motor movement and alertness, "fell good"
29
lack of dopamine is associated with what? | overabundance is associated with?
parkinson's disease (shake) | schizophrenia (hallucinations)
30
serotonin funciton
deals with mood control, appetite, sleep, learning
31
lack of serotonin is linked to what?
depression
32
what are antidepressants called ?
SSRI's | selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
33
endorphins function
deals w/ pain control | released to block pain signals
34
how does one become addicted to endorphins ?
become addicted to endorphin causing feelings | -morphine get endorphins somewhere else and brain doesn't produce them -> overwhelming pain
35
endorphins and birth
child birth -blocks pain signals not as much pain w/ epidural
36
types of neurons
sensory neurons- feel paper, help us take in info from outside world motor neurons- "catch" paper interneurons- make decisions, send signals
37
sensory neurons aka? function? ex?
afferent neurons - take info from senses to brain - optic nerve
38
inter neurons function?
take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons (tell motor what to do)
39
Motor Neurons aka? function?
efferent neurons | -take info from brain to rest of the body
40
phantom limb | -how is pain experienced? -how is it fixed?
pain is experienced in the brain, even though there's no limb fix by medication or mirror box
41
sympathetic nervous system divisions
``` (flight or fight) nervous system -peripheral -central -autonomic -somatic -sympathetic -parasympathetic ```
42
autonomic
self-regulated action of internal organs and glands
43
somatic
voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
44
sympathetic vs para
s- arousing | p-calming
45
cortex/gray matter
human behavior and thought
46
white matter
carry info from 1 part to another
47
brainstem
basic life function
48
frontal lobe
motor movement and moral compass (decisions last to develop)
49
Motor cortex
controls all movement | broca's area -> form speech, left hemisphere
50
sensory cortex
senses, touch
51
occipital lobe
visual cortex, vision
52
temporal lobe
hearing
53
hippocampus
helps w/ memory, cant lay down memory w/o it, moment to moment
54
amygdala
basic emotion, fear
55
medulla
heartbeat and breathing
56
reticular formation
general arousal , consciousness (linked to comas)
57
basal ganglia
detail, holding pen/cutting scissors | fine motor movements & initiating movements
58
thalamus
sensory switch board, senses come in -> send out | smell has direct link to brain, doesn't go through
59
hypothgalamus
thirst, hunger, body temp, (satiation)
60
what side is broca's area on?
left side of the brain
61
CNS includes? surrounds it?
brain and spinal cord | encased in bone
62
peripheral nervous system | description? includes? how divided?
all nerves that are NOT encased in bone everything but brain and spinal cord is divided into 2 categories (somatic & autonomic)
63
ways to study the brain? less invasive ways to study brain?
accidents brain bank lesions ``` EEG CAT MRI PET fMRI ```
64
accident example to study the brain
phineas gage
65
what do they do at the brain bank?
ppl donate brains | take cross section of brains to tell what damage they had
66
Lesions | def? ex? difference? another instance?
cutting into brain & looking for change -rats brain & lesion hemisphere-> keeps eating -humans overide frontal love, animals dont brain tumors also lesion brain tissue (pushes on brain and causes behavior change)
67
EEG | stands for? study? ex?
electroencephalogram study the brain waves & patterns -like when sleeping, tell what stage youre in
68
CAT | stands for? what does it do? conclusion?
Computerized Axial Tomography - take picture of slices of brain -> 3D image, LESS DETAIL - can tell is there's a tumor
69
MRI | stands for? shows?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging -atoms spin like tops, detail soft-tissue...large filled areas & schizophrenia (large ventricle link to schizo., MRI's show this MORE DETAILED
70
Pet | stands for?
Positron Emission Tomography neurons, glucose, tools vs animals (radioactive, where using energy? light yup when speaking -> broca's)
71
fMRI | stands for?
functional MRI | functions and structures...measures blood flow
72
computers and cat whiskers | link to humans?
can tell which neuron fires | -link prosthetic hand & put electrodes in brain so u can feel false hand
73
computers and lying?
lying-> anterior cingulate cortex lights up
74
Medulla oblongata
heart rate breathing NOT ANGER
75
pons
connects hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain together involved in making facial expressions bladder control swallowing
76
cerebellum | where? function? ex? damage?
located in back of our head means "little brain" coordinates muscle movements like tracking a target damage (kim peak-> cerebellum destroyed -> crazy memory but cant do simple movements) -hinders our ability to perform skilled movements
77
midbrain | contains? experiment?
contains reticular formation: arousal and ability to focus attention -stimulated cat woke up, unstimulated coma
78
thalamus | location? function? comparison? ex?
in forebrain receives sensory info and sends them to appropriates areas of forebrain like switchboard everything but smell
79
limbic system
emotional control center of brain | made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
80
hypothalamus | size? experiment? regulates?
pea sized in brain but plays a not to pea sized role body temp hunger thirst sexual arousal (libido) -rats put electrode in hypo. when stimulated went back to location it was in bc it was "rewarding"
81
hippocampus | function? example of person without one?
involved in memory processing (short term memory then goes to long term in brain lobes) -clive wearing (ability to conduct bc it was a process via cerebellum but no memory) (diff pathways)
82
amygdala | function? ex?
vital for basic emotions | -bad things happen to monkeys (plant electrode in aggressive animal in amyygdala to calm)
83
how is the cerebral cortex divided?
divided into 8 lobes, 4 in each hemisphere (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
84
association areas
any area dealing with our senses or muscle movements
85
frontal lobe | deals with? contains?
deals w/ planning, maintaining emotional control, and abstract thought contains broca's area contains motor cortex
86
broca's area | location?
frontal lobe near motor cortex, process of speaking (physically making words, usually language in left hemisphere)
87
brook's aphasia
limit ability to speak
88
motor cortex | how is each area split up? experiment? possibilities for what?
smallest features-> biggest devotion (fingers/mouth-> small features need precision, more space needed in motor cortex) Jose and the fist (stimulated region in brain to close hand even though told to keep open) prosthetic possibilities
89
parietal lobe | location? contains?
located @ top of our head contains somatosensory cortex -(class activity) smaller areas-> sensory cortex more devoted rest are association areas
90
temporal lobe | job? contains?
process sound sensed by ears | contains wernickes area
91
wernicke's area
language comprehension | pieces together sound and sight
92
wernicke's aphasia
difficulty understanding something written or speech
93
occipital lobe | location? job? what's also linked to another lobe as well?
located in back of our head handles visual input from eyes visual agnosia -could also be linked to parietal lobes
94
hemispheres | how divided? controlled how?
divided into left and right hemisphere | contralateral controlled- left controls right side of body and vice versa

Psychology (6 decks)

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