Classical vs Operant Conditioning

Question 1

loud noises make us cower what is this an example of?

why?

Answer 1

classical conditioning
(relevant to survival)
(instinctive in nature)
(curl inward, mean death/danger, rolly polly bugs)

Question 2

we repeat behaviors that bring us pleasure and often stop those that bring us pain
What is this an example of? why?

Answer 2

operant conditioning

choice

Question 3

find ourselves unconsciously mimicking someone we respect

what is this an example of?

Answer 3

observational learning
(doll, bandura study)

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

it all started with whom? what is it? deals with? examples?

Answer 4

all started with Ivan Pavlov
-1 way that all organisms learn to adapt to their environment
(a lot deals w/ survival, turtle pulls head in its’ shell)
(dog learned to associate food & noise together)

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example

Answer 5

thing that brings forth unconditioned response

food for pavlov, water for jared

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example

Answer 6

reaction

drool for pavlov, flinch for jared

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus 
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example

Answer 7

metronome for pavlov, the word “can” for jared

Question 8

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example

Answer 8

starts neutral and becomes learned, brings forth the response (conditioned so it’s been learned)
metronome for pavlov, word “can” for jared

Question 9

Conditioned Response (CR) 
(Classical Conditioning) examples w/ pavlov and class example

Answer 9

drool for pavlov, flinch even w/o water from “can” for jared

Question 10

Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UCS)
definition

Answer 10

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 11

Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR)
definition

Answer 11

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the UCS

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
definition

Answer 12

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association w/ the UCS, comes to trigger a response

Question 13

Conditioned Response (CR)
definition

Answer 13

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 14

Pavlov spent how long outlining his ideas in Classical Conditioning?

Answer 14

the rest of his life

Question 15

Acquisition

what is it? what happens? does timing matter? what should the timing involve (2)?

Answer 15

• the initial stage of learning
• phase where the neutral stimulus is associated w/ the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS)
• timing matters, it’s adaptive
  
  • the CS should come before the UCS (can b4 water)
  • should be very close together in timing

Question 16

Extinction

what is it? what happens? example? is it permanent?

Answer 16

the diminishing of a conditioned response
will eventually happen when UCS does NOT follow CS
psychologist Michael Tirrel (1990)
-onion breath (strongly like girl, breath neutral-> CS, liked breath then) (broke up-> onion breath tapered off
extinction not permanent

Question 17

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 17

the reappearance after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response (song->brings back a memory)

Question 18

Generalization

Answer 18

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
John B. Watson (baby, conditioned the environment)

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

the learned ability to distinguish btwn a CS & other stimuli that does NOT signal UCR
(afraid of RAT, but not of FUR)

Question 20

Applications

3

Answer 20

phobias 2

• flooding
• counterconditioning
• systemic desensitization

Question 21

flooding

Answer 21

(immediate exposure to stimulus ex: afraid of heights-> empire state, like fear factor)

Question 22

counterconditioning

Answer 22

pair what they fear w/ something they like
-peter and the rabbit
(overwhelmed joy w/ eating cookie, rabbit in room w/ cookie, move rabbit close, eventually doesn’t bother them)

Question 23

systemic desensitization

Answer 23

subtle, little @ a time ex: ladder

step by step

Question 24

operant conditioning

def?

Answer 24

type of learning where behavior is strengthen if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
(doesn’t work the same for everyone)

Question 25

``` Classical vs Operant both use (5)? classical is? ex? operant is? ```

Answer 25

both use acquisition. discrimination, SR, generalization, and extinction Classical is automatic (respondent behavior, involuntary) -dog automatically salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking involved -learning associations btwn events doesn't control Operant involves behavior where one can influence their environment w/ behaviors which has consequences (operant behavior, voluntary)

Question 26

edward thorndike | what did he discover? what is it called?

Answer 26

Law of Effect: Rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Question 27

B.F. Skinner | known for? what did he discover?

Answer 27

pioneer of Operant Conditioning | -Shaping and Chaining

Question 28

Shaping and chaining | def

Answer 28

a procedure in Operant Conditioning where reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal (shaping-molding into something else, chaining- sit, lay down, link together)

Question 29

what also goes with shaping and chaining? | def? ex?

Answer 29

Successive Approximations | -closer and closer you get until appropriate behavior (part of link, squat instead of sit)

Question 30

Reinforcer | def? 2 types are?

Answer 30

any event that STRENGTHENS the behavior it follows | two types: Positive and Negative

Question 31

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 31

strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

Question 32

Negative Reinforcement | def? examples (6)

Answer 32

``` strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus EX: taking aspirin-headache removed putting on seatbelt- beeping removed fan- heat removed gloves on cold day- cold removed working out- lbs removed snooze- beeping removed ```

Question 33

example of negative reinforcement dealing with grades

Answer 33

zero in gradebook-> turn it in, get rid of zero

Question 34

types of reinforcers (2)

Answer 34

primary reinforcers | conditioned (secondary) reinforcers

Question 35

primary reinforcers | def? ex (3)?

Answer 35

an innately reinforcing stimulus (natural) -food -affection -pain going away

Question 36

conditioned (secondary) reinforcers | def? ex (2)?

Answer 36

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer -cash -grades

Question 37

Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers | who doesnt respond to delayed reinforcers? ex of why? ex of immediate vs delayed? correlation?

Answer 37

humans will respond to delayed reinforcers, animals will NOT (pay later, dog bone you cant give later) the marshmallow test -correlation btwn delaying reinforcement and later success

Question 38

(reinforcement schedules) continuous reinforcement def? ex?

Answer 38

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | EX: M&M's to go potty

Question 39

(reinforcement schedules) | Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 39

reinforcing a response only part of the time the acquisition process is slower (gambling) greater resistance to extinction -pigeons (150,000x to get food, "next one")

Question 40

reinforcement schedules | 4 types

Answer 40

fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule fixed interval schedule variable interval schedule

Question 41

fixed-ratio schedule | def? examples?

Answer 41

schedule that reinforcers a response only after a specified number of responses (coffee shop, little caesars) (predictable, control) EX: I give cookie monster a cookie every 5 times he sings "C is for Cookie"

Question 42

variable-ratio schedule | def? examples?

Answer 42

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an UNPREDICTABLE # of responses (sport, gambling) (harder to extinguish) EX: slot machine

Question 43

fixed interval schedule | def? examples?

Answer 43

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified TIME as elapsed EX: 9 week grades, baking cookies check @ 19 min

Question 44

variable interval schedule | def? example?

Answer 44

schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response @ unpredictable time intervals EX: pop quizzes

Question 45

reinforcement vs punishment?

Answer 45

reinforcement- want behavior to repeat | punishment- want behavior to stop