neuropathies

Question 1

the 4 types of nephropathies?

Answer 1

peripheral, focal, autonomic and proximal

Question 2

which one responsible for changes in bladder, bowel, erectile problems, sweating, hr, BP

Answer 2

autonomic

Question 3

which is a sudden weakness in one nerve or nerve group?

Answer 3

focal neuropathy

Question 4

which type f neuropathy is carpal tunnel?

Answer 4

focal

Question 5

which type of neuropathy is bells palsy?

Answer 5

focal

Question 6

what sort of symptoms can you get in a peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 6

burning, stinging, numbers, insensitivity, sharp pains, cramps, sensitivity to touch, loss of balance/co ordination (CHECK SOLES)

Question 7

three complications of peripheral neuropathy? (think feet)

Answer 7

charcot foot, painless trauma (nail through foot) and ulcer

Question 8

pain in thighs/hips/buttocks leading to weakness in legs (amyotrophy)

Answer 8

proximal neuropathy

Question 9

how can you treat pain in neuropathy?

Answer 9

amitryptaline

Question 10

focal neuropathies appear suddenly and affect specific nerves. where do you most often get them?

Answer 10

head, torso, leg

Question 11

what is gastroparesis?

Answer 11

slow gastric emptying

Question 12

most common symptoms of oesophageal nerve damage?

Answer 12

dysphagia

Question 13

example of 2 pro motility drugs?

Answer 13

metoclopramide and domperidone

Question 14

what ratio can you use to screen for diabetic kidney disease?

Answer 14

urinary creatinine ratio (ACR)

Question 15

what should blood pressure be maintained at in all patients with diabetes?

Answer 15

less than 130/80

Question 16

what should patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria be commenced on?

Answer 16

an ACE inhibitor or ARB

Question 17

acute hyperglycaemia can do what to vision?

Answer 17

blurring

Question 18

what other eye conditions are more common in diabetes?

Answer 18

glaucoma and cataract

Question 19

stages of retinopathy?

Answer 19

Mild, moderate and severe NON PROLIFERATIVE retinopathy. and proliferative retinopathy

Question 20

how is proliferative diabetic retinopathy defined?

Answer 20

neovascularization. Greater potential for serious visual consequences

Question 21

how do you get hard exudates?

Answer 21

get fluid deposition under the macula. Resolution of this fluid can leave behind hard exudates, like a receding river after a flood

Question 22

you get loss of which type of cells in the capillaries?

Answer 22

pericytes

Question 23

as npdr progresses, the affected vessels may become obstructed. this obstruction leads to infarction of the nerve fibre layer. This results in?

Answer 23

fluffy white patches known as cotton wool spots

Question 24

what does VEGF stimulate?

Answer 24

growth of new blood vessels

Question 25

what is wrong with the new blood vessels?

Answer 25

they are leaky, fragile and misdirected. they can grow out of the retina and in to the vitreous