Neurophysiology And NeuroAnatomy For NFB

Question 1

What describes the EEG beta rhythm?

Answer 1

Desynchronous

Question 2

When we are vigilant, input from the _____ helps generate the beta rhythm

Answer 2

Reticular activating system

Question 3

Which brain structure functions most like a thermostat

Answer 3

Hypothalamus

Question 4

Neurotransmitters are primarily activated by

Answer 4

Reuptake

Question 5

An axon hillock must typically become ________mV more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.

Answer 5

20mV

Question 6

Which is the noradrenergic pathway responsible for vigilance?

Answer 6

Locus Coeruleus

Question 7

Most sensory input to the cerebral cortex is filtered and distributed by the…..

Answer 7

thalamus

Question 8

Increased firing in the _______ produces cortical activation.

Answer 8

Dorsal lateral tagmental nucleus and nucleus basalis

Question 9

_______ neurons in the brain stem generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Answer 9

Cholonergic

Question 10

Which structure is crucial to emotional intelligence because it’s sensitizes us to the social consequences of her actions and helps us understand the feelings of others?

Answer 10

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 11

According to the central timing, hypothesis, alpha frequency, determines what

Answer 11

Information processing speed

Question 12

When neurons depolarize _____ . This makes the neurons more _______ inside.

Answer 12

When neurons depolarize, sodium ions enter and this makes the neurons more positive inside.

Question 13

In sodium potassium transporters, …

Answer 13

Exchanges 3 sodium ions for 2 potassium ions

Question 14

What triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of the axon terminal button

Answer 14

Calcium (Ca+) entry into the terminal button

Question 15

Which structure may help activate behavior and focus attention?

Answer 15

Cingulate gyrus (it’s overactive in OCD)

Question 16

Sterman proposed that _______ systems mainly influence thalamic generation of field potentials recorded from the scalp.

Answer 16

Vigilance,
sensorimotor integration, and cognitive integration

Question 17

Which process best explains the persistence of neurofeedback training effects in ADHD

Answer 17

Long-term potentiation

Question 18

The withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases _____ activity

Answer 18

SMR

Question 19

The fight or flight response is organized by the ________

Answer 19

Hypothalamus

Question 20

Postsynaptic potentials are mainly integrated at the

Answer 20

Axon hillock

Question 21

The specialized proteins located in neuronal membrane’s that have passages that can open or close are called

Answer 21

Ion channels

Question 22

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

Answer 22

Central nervous system

Question 23

The difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell at any point in time is the

Answer 23

Membrane potential

Question 24

Axoaxionic synapses

Answer 24

Alter the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic neuron

Question 25

The mechanisms that cause an action potential involves a brief

Answer 25

Drop in membrane resistance to SODIUM ions

Question 26

The postsynaptic potential produced by an ionotropic receptor is

Answer 26

Rapid and short-lived

Question 27

While neurons cannot fire during _______, intense stimuli can trigger an action potential during _______.

Answer 27

The absolute refractory period; the relative refractory period

Question 28

The voltage level that triggers, an action potential is called

Answer 28

The threshold of excitation

Question 29

Neuron terminal buttons

Answer 29

Release neurotransmitters

Question 30

What detect and generally reduce transmitter synthesis and release?

Answer 30

Autoreceptors

Question 31

Presynaptic facilitation and presynaptic inhibition both take place at the

Answer 31

Terminal button

Question 32

______ ions enter the neuron when it reaches the threshold of excitation.

Answer 32

Sodium

Question 33

The process by which ions of a similar charge repel each other, and thus evenly distribute themselves is called

Answer 33

Electrostatic pressure

Question 34

The part of the neuron that carries information to its own cell body is called the

Answer 34

Dendrite

Question 35

What would produce an IPSP

Answer 35

Both potassium ions leaving a neuron and chloride ions entering a neuron

Question 36

When a neuron is at rest, the inside of an axon

Answer 36

Is negatively charged with respect to the outside -70 millivolts

Question 37

The ______ interacts with the cortex to produce critical EEG rhythms

Answer 37

Thalamus

Question 38

Axons that arise from cell bodies located in one brain region that synapse on neurons in another region are called

Answer 38

Projection fibers

Question 39

To which of these would a Neurotransmitter attach to produce long lasting changes in neurons, like an increase in vigilance

Answer 39

Metabotropic receptor

Question 40

What structure is involved and aggression, defense, fear, and reproduction?

Answer 40

Amygdala

Question 41

The specialized proteins located in neuronal membrane’s that have passages that can open or close are called

Answer 41

Ion channels

Question 42

The _______ controls the pituitary gland and motivated behaviors, like eating and drinking

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

The ______ lobe is the first stage for recognizing visual objects and faces

Answer 43

Temporal

Question 44

Which functions are controlled by the temporal lobes

Answer 44

Language comprehension Taste Smell Hearing

Question 45

What EEG changes signal stage one sleep?

Answer 45

Vertex spikes Theta activity Alpha slowing and fragmentation Delta activity in older patients

Question 46

Which cortical lobe is responsible for executive functions like planning

Answer 46

Frontal

Question 47

What is the major groove in the brain surface called?

Answer 47

Fissure

Question 48

The diencephalon consist of the ______ and ________

Answer 48

Hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 49

Which three structures comprise the basal ganglia

Answer 49

The caudate, putamen, & Globus pallidus

Question 50

The telecephalon is the subdivision of the forebrain. Which three components does it contain?

Answer 50

Cerebrum Limbic system Basal ganglia

Question 51

The lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the

Answer 51

Frontal and parietal lobes

Question 52

The _______ consist of clusters of neurons in the diencephalon that filter in relay information between four brain structures, including the cerebral cortex

Answer 52

Thalamus

Question 53

The ______ rouses you when your alarm sounds in the morning

Answer 53

Reticular formation

Question 54

Neurons in the _____, synapse with motor neurons that initiates skeletal muscle contractions

Answer 54

Precentral gyrus (also known as the primary motor cortex)

Question 55

Which two structures are located below the temporal lobe

Answer 55

Hippocampus and amygdala

Question 56

A ________ is a raised portion of the cortical surface

Answer 56

Gyrus

Question 57

Which brain region is crucial to emotional intelligence, because it sensitizes us to both the social consequences of our own behavior, and the feelings of others?

Answer 57

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 58

The _______ processes, sensory information, like pressure and temperature, that comes from the body

Answer 58

Parietal lobe

Question 59

Which three structures are part of the limbic system?

Answer 59

Septum Hippocampus Amygdala

Question 60

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ______ lobe

Answer 60

Temporal

Question 61

What structure may help activate behavior and focus attention

Answer 61

Cingulate gyrus