Neurophysiology - Special topics Flashcards
(118 cards)
0
Q
Nerve cell type that are non-permanent cells?
A
Neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells
1
Q
Nerve cell type that are permanent cells?
A
Neurons
2
Q
Cell type that produces CSF
A
Ependymal cells
3
Q
Macrophage of the brain
A
Microglia
4
Q
Regulates ECF ion levels, gives mechanical support forms BBB
A
Astrocyte (nurse cells)
5
Q
Creates myelin in the CSF
A
Oligodendrocytes
6
Q
Creates myelin in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
7
Q
Receiving portion of the neuron
A
Dendrites and cell body
8
Q
Where action potential of the neuron starts
A
Axon hillock
9
Q
Unmyelinated portion of the axon
A
Nodes of Ranvier
10
Q
Branches of the axons
A
Neural fibril
11
Q
Terminal portion of neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles
A
Axon terminal/Boutons/end-feet
12
Q
Space between two neurons
A
Synapse
13
Q
Causes saltatory nerve conduction
A
Nodes of Ranvier
14
Q
Death of axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected
A
Wallerian degeneration/ anterograde/orthograde degeneration
15
Q
Changes in the soma after axon is transected
A
Axonal reaction/chromatolysis
16
Q
Used by the neuron to communicate with another neuron across a synapse
A
Neurotransmitter
17
Q
Acetylcholine is secreted from?
A
Basal ganglia, Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
18
Q
ACh deficiency results to what?
A
Alzhiemer’s disease - mc cause of elderly dementia
19
Q
Dopamine is found mainly in?
A
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and ventral Tegmental Area
20
Q
Dopamine is degraded by what enzyme?
A
MAO (in presynaptic terminals and COMT (in tissues including liver)
21
Q
Dopamine deficiency?
A
Parkinson’s disease
22
Q
Dopamine excess
A
Schizophrenia
23
Q
Classic problem in Parkinson’s disease
A
Akinesia
24
Secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine
Locus ceruleus in the pons
| B2 is more on epinephrine
25
Tryptophan derivatives
Melatonin, serotonin and niacin
26
Serotonin is mainly secreted by
Median raphe of the brain
27
Inhibitor of pain pathwAys in spinal cord, "happy hormone", low levels seen in depression
Serotonin
28
Serotonin is converted to ____ in the pineal gland
Melatonin
29
Secreted in the brain areas responsible for long - term behavior and memory
Nitric oxide - short acting inhibitory neurotransmitter
30
Neurotransmitter not preformed and stored in vesicles, synthesized almost instantly as needed
Nitric oxide
31
Histamine is secreted from?
Tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
32
Neurotransmitter involved in control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm
Histamine
33
Two inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glycine - in spinal interneurons (spinal cord)
| GABA - number one inhibitory in the brain
34
Comes from Glutamate: causes increase chloride influx or potassium efflux in the brain
GABA
35
Increases chloride influx in the spinal interneurons (spinal cord)
Glycine
36
Number one excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
Glutamate
37
Exhibited by almost all cells, its the potential difference that exist across the membrane
Resting membrane potential (RMP) - intracellular charge
38
RMP is -70mV caused by?
1. Nernst potential for Na and K diffusion
2. Na-K leak channels or K leak channel
3. Na-K ATPase (-4mV)
39
Basis for resting membrane potential and action potential
Ion channels
40
Making the membrane potential less negative
Depolarization
41
Making the MP more negative
Hyperpolarization
42
Positive charges flowing into the cell
Inward current
43
Positive charges flowing out of the cell
Outward current
44
Membrane potential in which AP is inevitable
Threshold
45
Portion of AP where MP is positive
Overshoot
46
Portion of the AP where MP is
Undershoot (hyperpolarizing after potential)
47
Undershoot results from _____
Prolonged opening of K+ channels
48
Refers to opening of the Na-activation gates causes sodium influx
Depolarization
49
Refers to closure of Na-inactivation gates (stops sodium influx) and opening of potassium gates (causes potassium efflux)
Repolarization
50
Tetradotoxin and Saxitoxin are examples of _____
Sodium channel blockers of neurons
51
An example of potassium channel blocker of neurons
Tetraethylammonium
52
Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be readily elicited
Refractory period
53
another action potential cannot be elicited, no matter how large the stimulus is. Coincides with almost the entire duration of the action Potential
Absolute refractory period
54
Action potential can be elicited only if a larger than usual inward current is provided
Relative refractory period
55
Slow depolarization that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential
Accommodation
56
Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell
Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
57
Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
58
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial summation
59
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal summation
60
Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected
Nerve facilitation
61
Increased released of NT and increased sensitivity to the NT
Long-Term Potentiation
62
Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell
Synaptic fatigue
63
All sensory nerves pass through the thalamus except for
Olfactory nerve
64
Vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers
Medulla
65
Micturition center, pneumotaxic, apneustic centers
Pons
66
Relay center for almost all sensation
Thalamus
67
Contributes to balance
Cerebellum
68
Connects the two brain hemispheres
Corpus callosum
69
Motor, personality and calculation
Frontal lobe
70
Somatosensory cortex
Parietal lobe
71
Vision center
Occipital lobe
72
Hearing, vestibular processing and face recognition
Temporal lobe
73
Lesion to Broca's area results to broken speech or ____ aphasia
Expressive aphasia
74
Types of memory
1. Short term memory - chemical changes
2. Intermediate memory - days to weeks
3. Long term memory - physical changes
75
Refers to conversion of short memory to long memory
Consolidation - accelerated and potentiated by rehearsal and learning by trauma
76
Hippocampal lesions will result to what type of amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia - loss of short term memory
77
Thalamic lesion will cause what type of amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia - loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection
78
Limbic system: produces mainly oxytocin
Paraventricular nuclei
79
Limbic system: produces mainly vasopressin
Supra optic nuclei
80
Limbic system: satiety center
Ventromedial nuclei
81
Limbic system: hunger center
Lateral nuclei
82
Limbic system: sweating - heat release
Anterior hypothalamus
83
Limbic system: shivering - heat conservation
Posterior hypothalamus
84
Limbic system: punishment center
Central gray area around Aqueduct of Sylvius
85
Limbic system: reward center
Medial forebrain bundle
86
Limbic system: social inhibition
Amygdala
87
Bilateral destruction of the amygdala results to a condition presenting with Hyperorality, Hyperphagia and Hypersexuality
Kluver-Buche syndrome
88
Master clock, modify the biological clock in the human body. Destruction causes loss of circadian functions
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
89
EEG: wave during deep sleep
Delta
90
EEG: wave during awake, eyes closed
Alpha
91
EEG:wave when awake, eyes open
Beta
92
Secretion of this peptide could be the possible cause of sleep
Muramyl peptide
93
Two types of sleep
Slow wave sleep
| Paradoxical sleep
94
Sleep type associated with memory stimulation
Slow - wave sleep
95
Most metabolic organ of the body
Brain - 15% of total metabolism
96
Main source of brain metabolism
Glucose and ketones only
97
Most efficient extractor of oxygen in the body
Heart - 97%
98
Amount of CSF produced per day
500ml - 150ml total amount of CSF in the brain
99
CSF pathway: connects the lateral to third ventricle
Foramen of Monroe
100
CSF pathway: fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space passing through the ______
Foramen of Magendie and Foramen of Luschka
101
CSF pathway: connects the third and fourth ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
102
Sympathetic or parasympathetic: serous salivation
Parasympathetic
103
Sympathetic or parasympathetic: Mucoid salivation
Sympathetic
104
Sympathetic or parasympathetic: glandular secretion
Parasympathetic
105
Most potent heat generating mechanism
Shivering
106
Most of the body heat is loss through which way?
Radiation>evaporation> conduction to air> conduction to objects
107
High temp secondary to use of succinylcholine and halothane
Malignant hyperthermia - treated with PGE2
108
Energy system: in 100m dash, jumping, diving
Phosphagen energy system
109
Energy system: tennis and soccer
Glycogen - lactic acid system : anaerobic, reconstitute ATP and phosphocreatinine
110
Energy system: for unlimited time as long as with energy supply, long distance jogging
Aerobic system
111
Basis of muscle endurance
Glycogen in the body
112
What organ is the limiting factor for maximal exercise
Heart and not the lungs
113
At level of ____altitude, person may experience twitching / seizures
18,000 feet
114
Condition that manifest with acute pulmonary edema, acute cerebral edema
Acute mountain sickness
115
Manifest as pulmonary vasoconstriction, right sided heart failure
Chronic mountain sickness
116
More dangerous G force, blood shunted to the lower extremities
Positive G - at +20G vertebral fracture
117
Manifest as pain in the joints and muscles and dyspnea
Decompression sickness
