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neuropsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does neuropsych study

A

brain and behaviour

examines structure of healthy/normal brain across development

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2
Q

what is clinical neuropsych

A

neuropsych meets clinical psych

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3
Q

what are the 2 main components of clinical neuropsych

A
  1. assessing and diagnosing neurological disorder
    - assessing changes in cognition, behaviour and mood
    - estimating one’s previous functioning
    - identifying strengths/weaknesses
    - assist to identify problems if cause unknown
  2. treating, rehabilitating, psycho-education, counselling
    - educating clients and families, counselling them, therapeutic approaches
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4
Q

what is congenital hypothyrodism

A

thyroid gland is underactive at birth

does not produce hormone thyroxine that regulates metabolic rate-essential for brain development

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5
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

occurs during foetal development and birth

leads to motor and postural problems

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6
Q

how can neurones die?

A
  1. blood supplies brain with glucose, oxygen metabolises it, essential for cells to function
  2. can die as a result of disease e.g. alzheimers
  3. can die of physical injury
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7
Q

what is MS?

A

• An autoimmune disease that attacks the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) by destroying the coating of the nerves
• The immune system attacks the body’s own tissue
myelin sheath breaks down, effects transmission of electrical impulses
faulty functioning of nerves rather than death

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8
Q

what is diffuse damage

A

damage that is widespread throughout the brain
not easy to detect on brain scans
may cause small bleeds in brain

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9
Q

what is focal damage

A

damage that is concentrated in one or more areas of the brain
better at detecting it on brain scans
exact location will determine deficits that will occur

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10
Q

what is a static event

A

a one off event that causes brain damage (acute)
after one off events, a person’s condition stabilises and and can improve
it is important to get immediate medical attention however

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11
Q

define degenerative processes

A

involve chronic, underlying diseases that result in increasing amounts of damage and worsens over time
e.g. alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons
there is some treatment, but only treats symptoms and not disease

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12
Q

what is the brain like in its natural state?

A

soft, comparable to jelly/soft tofu

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13
Q

what are meninges

A

they consist of 3 layers that cover the brain and spinal cord to protect

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14
Q

what are the 3 layers in the meninges

A

dura
subarachnoid layers
pia mater

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15
Q

what is the dura

A

dense, inelastic membrane and adheres to skull

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16
Q

what are the subarachnoid layers

A

in between these is the subarachnoid space
this is well blood vessels and fibrous tissue are
this is where haemorrhage/bleeding may occur

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17
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, adheres itself to brain

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18
Q

name 5 main causes of brain damage

A
  1. vascular causes e.g. stoke, brain cancers
  2. TBI e.g. car accident
  3. infection e.g. bacterial or fungal
  4. neurodegenerative disease e.g. alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons
  5. autoimmune disorders e.g. MS
    5 toxins e.g. lead poisoning, alcohol/substance abuse
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19
Q

what is the cortex

A

divided into left and right hemisphere

made up of grey matter which increases it’s surface area

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20
Q

what do sulci comprise of

A

grooves and fissures

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21
Q

what do gyri comprise of

A

convolutions/folds

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22
Q

what is symmetrical organisation

A

left and right hemisphere mirror each other in terms of structure and function
e.g. visual info and touch
tendency for contra-lateral control

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23
Q

what is contra-lateral control

A

left hemisphere controls right side of body and vice versa

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24
Q

what is asymmetrical organisation

A

left and right hemisphere do not mirror each other

e.g. language in left hemisphere, not in right

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25
4 lobes in brain and what they do
Frontal lobes- motor, executive functions, mood, behaviour Parietal- somatosensory (touch) Occipital- sight Temporal- hearing, memory
26
what are short fibres
connect one part of the lobe to another
27
what are association fibres
connect one lobe to another on same side of brain
28
what are commisures
link the two hemispheres | corpus callosum or anterior commisure
29
what does the primary visual cortex do
detects size, shape, colour and orientation
30
what are 3 things that can happen if the primary visual cortex is damaged
cortical blindness blindsight visual anosognosia
31
what is cortical blindess
person has a blindspot or is blind in opposite eye | retina of eye is intact but part of cortex processing that info is damaged
32
what is blindsight
people with cortical blindness may also experience this the unconscious experience of vision part of vision is processed in thalamus so they can respond to a light of something in front of them though they are not aware
33
what is visual anosognosia
people deny that they are blind carry on as if they're not confabulate reasons for bumping into things
34
what is the visual association cortex
where high-order visual processing occurs | allows us to identify an object and its use
35
name 4 things which can occur is the visual association cortex is damaged
1. visual agnosia- cant identify an object, drawing or photo 2. colour agnosia- cant distinguish colour and relate it to objects 3. object agnosia- cant recognise everyday objects 4. prosopagnosia- cannot recognise faces, can recognise through speech
36
what is agnosia
loss of knowledge
37
what is anosognosia
someone is unaware of their condition
38
what does the primary somatosensory cortex do
info about temp, movement of limbs, touch and pressure
39
what happens if the primary somatosensory cortex is damaged
loss of sensation where lesion is on body sensory nerves are sending signal but brain cannot process it prone to injury
40
what does the association somatosensory cortex do
combines previous somatosensory info with tactile info | recognise things based on touch e.g. light switch at night
41
name 5 types of damage here
1. tactile agnosia (astereognosis) 2. Anosognosia 3. hemi-inattention 4. apraxia 5. dressing apraxia
42
name 5 types of damage here
1. tactile agnosia (astereognosis) 2. Anosognosia 3. hemi-inattention 4. apraxia 5. dressing apraxia
43
what is visual agnosia
unable to detect things based on touch even though senses are in tact
44
what is somatosenory anosognosia
unawareness of paralysis/illness/problems | person paralysed and doesnt know
45
what is hemi-inattention
fail to attend to stimuli on one side damage to left side, results in failing to attend to things on right side person may only raise right arm, eat foods on right side of plate
46
what is apraxia
involuntary movement cant do movements when asked sometimes will do them spontaneously can be inappropriate
47
what is dressing apraxia
people cant coordinate the movements to dress themselves | cannot put legs through pants
48
what does the primary auditory cortex do
detects verbal and non-verbal sounds
49
what does tonotypically organised mean
higher pitch sounds occur in anterior regions | lower pitch sounds occur in posterior regions
50
what happens if the primary auditory cortex is damaged
``` it is rare as it is protected cant detect sounds cant differentiate between sounds cant locate sounds complain people are talking too quickly ```
51
what is cortical deafness
arises when primary auditory cortex is damaged | person cannot hear sounds as they process them
52
what happens in the left hemisphere for memory
verbal and visual info that is processed verbally
53
what happens in the right hemisphere for memory
non-verbal material | abstract and geometrical designs, faces and tunes
54
what does the auditory association cortex do
higher level processing of complex sounds
55
what does the left hemisphere do in auditory association cortex
wernicke's area: analysis and comprehension of speech
56
what does the right hemisphere do in the auditory association cortex
non-verbal auditory sounds | music, other everyday sounds
57
what happens if left side of association auditory cortex is damaged
pure word deafness | wernickes aphasia
58
define pure word deafness
unable to recognise speech even though they can hear, speak, write and lip read cant hear someone talking loudly can hear everyday sounds though
59
define wernickes aphasia
may also suffer from word deafness cant comprehend speech sentence structure lacks meaning have fluent speech but doesnt make sense
60
what happens if there is damage to the right side of the auditory association cortex and what does that mean
amusia- unable to hear music and other sounds such as doorbell, car honking
61
what do the frontal lobes comprise of
motor pre-motor pre-frontal cortex
62
what does motor do
responsible for controlling muscle movements
63
what happens if there is damage to motor
unable to perform find movements | damage usually confined to one side e.g. stroke
64
what does the pre-frontal cortex do
complex motor sequences manage executive function affecting behaviour affects ability to plan, think divergently, monitor performance affects mood and working memory
65
what happens if there is damage to pre-frontal cortex
problems in complex motor sequences | cant copy rapid movements
66
what is diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?
- form of brain injury - happens when the brain rapidly shifts inside the skull as an injury is occurring - the shearing (tearing) of the brain's long connecting nerve fibres (axons)

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