Neurotransmission & Neurophysiology

Question 1

What is soma? What does it have?

Answer 1

the cell bodies of neurons

nucleus, other organelles and protein synthesis center

Question 2

What do axons do? What is it covered with?

Answer 2

transmit information among neurons

myelin sheath

Question 3

What is the pathway of axon transmission?

Answer 3

from cell bodies down through axons to pre-synaptic terminal

Question 4

What is it special about myelin sheath? What does it do?

Answer 4

its fatty substance

help axons transmit electrical signals at higher speed

Question 5

What type of cells dominate in the CNS?

Answer 5

glia

Question 6

Types of glia cells

Answer 6

microglia and macroglia

Question 7

microglia cells

Answer 7

phagotic cells that respond to injury/ injetion

Question 8

What are types of macroglia? and each function

Answer 8

Oligodendrocyte - produce myelin sheath in CNS

Schwann cells - produce ____ in PNS

Astrocytes - support endothelial cells that form blood-brain barrier

Question 9

What other functions of glia cells?

Answer 9

nutritive support

facilitate neuron migration during development

clearance of neurotransmitter at synaptic cleft

Question 10

Types of membrane potentials

Answer 10

resting membrane potentials

graded potentials

action potentials

Question 11

What is the voltage value at resting membrane potential?
What is resting membrane potential?

Answer 11

~65mV

its the membrane potential of inactive neurons

Question 12

What happens to ion concentrations in resting membrane potential? What specific pump/ channel that helps to achieve this?

Answer 12

they are in equilibrium

Na+/ K+ pump

Question 13

what are 2 type of cells in nervous system?

Answer 13

neuron & glia

Question 14

What does Na+/K+ do?

Answer 14

maintain resting membrane potential by moving 3Na+ out for 2K+ in

Question 15

What determine the ionic equilibrium potential?

Answer 15

the chemical forces

electrical forces

Question 16

What is the electrical force in ion equilibrium potential?

Answer 16

the distribution of positive and negative charges across membrane

Question 17

What is the chemical forces in ionic equilibrium potential?

Answer 17

the concentration gradients of specific ions

Question 18

what does the -65mV mean?

Answer 18

it means that inside of neuron has a charge of -65mV relative to the outside of cell

Question 19

what is the character of amplitude in graded potential?

Answer 19

Amplitude varies which decreases with distance from the source

Question 20

What are types of graded potentials?

Answer 20

receptor potentials

synaptic potentials

Question 21

receptor potentials

synaptic potentials

Answer 21

change in resting membrane potential due to the external stimuli (light, sound, touch)

changes in membrane potentials of the post-synaptic neuron due to activation of pre-synaptic

Question 22

What is action potentials?

Where is the action potential generated?

Answer 22

axon hillock

the electrical signals that rise and fall, following trajectory

Question 23

Threshold potential

Answer 23

the membrane potential at which graded potentials have to pass in order to generate action potentials

Question 24

How does the change in membrane potential happen?

Answer 24

due to the imbalance of ion concentrations btw inside and outside of membrane

Question 25

What types of channels that aid the imbalance of ion concetrations occur?

Answer 25

voltage-gated ion channels ligand-gated channels

Question 26

voltage-gated ion channels ligan-gated channels

Answer 26

the channels that open/close in respond to electrical signals \_\_\_\_\_\_ in response to substrate