Topic 13: Learning & Memory

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

the acquisition of new information

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

the retention of learned information

Question 3

What are the categories of memory?

Answer 3

short-term memory

working memory

long term memory

Question 4

Characteristic of short term memory

Answer 4

only last milliseconds to minute - temporal decay

can help to remember limited amount of information - chunked capacity limits

Question 5

What are the characteristics of working memories?

Answer 5

also lasts ms to minute & have limited capacity

working with attention as the process of thinking

Question 6

What are the subdivisions of long-term memory?

Answer 6

declarative memory (conscious)

implicit memory (unconscious)

Question 7

What are the sub-categories of declarative memory?

Answer 7

episodic

semantic

Question 8

declarative memory

Answer 8

memory to recall the information in the past including history, events or bare facts

Question 9

episodic memory

Answer 9

it’s like an episode of life including time, space, history & importantly emotion of the event

Question 10

semantic memory

Answer 10

the general knowledge, fact & concepts about the world (Ex: π = 3.14 or 1+1=2 )

Question 11

Implicit memory

Answer 11

type of memory in which previous experiences aid performing a task without conscience of previous experience

Question 12

procedural memory

Answer 12

unconscious memory of skills & how to do it

Ex: riding a bike, playing a piano

Question 13

What type of long-term memory require conscience?

Answer 13

declarative memory

Question 14

priming effects

Answer 14

unconscious memory of improving performance

Question 15

What are the factors influence in forming memory?

Answer 15

experience & motivation

Question 16

amnesia

Types of amnesia

Answer 16

the profound loss of memory or loss of ability to learn due to physical injury to the brain or psychological trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

Question 17

retrograde amnesia is the loss of _______

anterograde amnesia is the loss of _______

Answer 17

recall

consolidation

Question 18

retrograde amnesia

Answer 18

loss of memory in the early events prior to the trauma but still able to form memory after the trauma

Question 19

anterograde amnesia

Answer 19

loss of ability to form new memories after the trauma

Question 20

Anatomy involve in declarative memory

Answer 20

hippocampus

medial temporal lobes

dorsalmedial thalamus

mamilary bodies of hypothalamus

Question 21

What are the take home points for “H.M” case?

Answer 21

1) The forming declarative memories requires medial temporal lobes
2) The anatomy and mechanism underlying procedural memory & declarative memory are different

Question 22

Telencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory

Answer 22

hippocampus

medial temporal lobes

Question 23

What is the cause of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Consequence of this?

Answer 23

Alcoholic abuse

dorsomedial thalamus & mammillary bodies lesion -> retrograde or anterograde amnesia

Question 24

T/F: Recall memories surrounding the trauma is never occured

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Diencephalon anatomies involve in declarative memory

Answer 25

dorsalmedial thalamus mamillary bodies of hypothalamus

Question 26

What concept explain the following experiment: Subjects were shown a series of images of food and furniture. People that are hungry, tend to remember images of food better.

Answer 26

motivation enhances memory

Question 27

What is the anatomy that following experiment refer to? The bird expert’s brain has hotspots of brain activity when viewing images of birds, but not of cars (a) and the car expert’s brain lights up for cars, not birds (b).

Answer 27

extrastriate visual cortex

Question 28

retrieving memories involve in what part of brain?

Answer 28

dorsolateral & anterolateral cortex

Question 29

Wernickes' area involve in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

interpreting meanings of words

Question 30

Early long term memories involve in what part of the brain?

Answer 30

frontal, parietal & lateral temporal lobe

Question 31

remember face or objects involve in what part of brain?

Answer 31

inferotemporal lobe

Question 32

What are the anatomies involve in implicit memory?

Answer 32

basal ganglia prefrontal cortex sensory association cortex cerebellum amygdala

Question 33

What does sensory association cortex involve in?

Answer 33

priming effects of implicit memory

Question 34

What anatomy of brain involve in spatial memory & learning navigation?

Answer 34

hippocampus

Question 35

T/F: Prefrontal cortex involve only in implicit memory

Answer 35

False both implicit & declarative

Question 36

What are two structures that seperate implicit & declarative memory?

Answer 36

amygdala (implicit) hippocampus (declarative)

Question 37

Long term potentiation is the long-lasting _______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength Long term depression is the long-lasting ______ (increase/decrease) in synapse strength

Answer 37

increase decrease

Question 38

What are two phase that involve in long-term potentiation?

Answer 38

transient phase long-lasting phase

Question 39

What part of brain that involves in LTP?

Answer 39

hippocampus

Question 40

Effects of transient phase of LTP

Answer 40

protein kinase that increases the conductance of AMPA channels or adds new AMPA channels

Question 41

Effects of long-lasting phase on LTP

Answer 41

changes in gene expression which increase the number of synapse formations

Question 42

Pathway 1 is tetanized while the pathway 2 is not. Explain the figure

Answer 42

The pathway 1 that is tetanized has increase in action potentials -\> promoting long term potentiation that pathway 2 (w/o tetanized)

Question 43

T/F: In LTP, Glutamate only binds to AMPA receptors and not NMDA receptors

Answer 43

False Glu bind to both AMPA & NMDA receptors

Question 44

NMDA receptors are blocked by what ion?

Answer 44

Mg++

Question 45

What is the neurotransmitter that involve in excitation input from CA3 -\> CA1 of hippocampus circuit?

Answer 45

Glutamate

Question 46

Mechanism for increasing Ca2+ influx, which ultimately results in LTP? Tips: Involve in AMPA & NMDA receptors

Answer 46

1) Glu binds to AMPA receptors -\> Na+ influx & post-synaptic membrane depolarizes 2) When there is enough large depolarization, Mg2+ is expelled & NMDA unblocks -\> Ca2+ & Na+ influx will further depolarize the membrane

Question 47

How does increase lvl of Ca2+ intracellular will induce LTP?

Answer 47

by activating protein kinase C (PKC) & Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) -\> increase the conductance of AMPA receptors & add more AMPA receptors to post-synaptic membrane

Question 48

NMDA receptors are unblocked at lower frequency stimulus

Answer 48

False Its blocked at low frequency stimulus & unblocked at high frequency stimulus

Question 49

protein phosphatase How does this protein induce LTD?

Answer 49

the protein that breaks down & causes the internalization of AMPA receptors the reduction amount of AMPA receptors leads to less binding Glutamate -\> small action potentials

Question 50

If we inhibit or delete the gene expression of CaMKII, what will happen to LTP? Why?

Answer 50

LTP will be prevented Because lack of CaMKII will result in decrease amount of AMPA receptors that will be added to post-synaptic membrane

Question 51

What does protein kinase A do to produce LTP? This protein refers to ______ (transient/long-lasting phase)

Answer 51

activate the transcription activators CREB to stimulate the gene expressions that produce long-term changes in PKA activity and synapse structure long-lasting phase

Question 52

What is the effect of protein Phosphatase Inhibitor on LTP/LTD?

Answer 52

no effect on LTP but block LTD

Question 53

How does low frequency stimulus create/enhance LTD?

Answer 53

low frequency stimulus causes low lvl of Ca++ intracellular -\> activate protein phosphotase -\> reduction of AMPA receptors