Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 8: Muscle & Spinal cord > Flashcards

Topic 8: Muscle & Spinal cord Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the movements that motor systems generates?

A

reflexive

rhythmic

voluntary

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2
Q

reflexive movements

A

the involuntary movements generated in response to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

rhythmic movements

A

the repeatedly patterned movement

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4
Q

How is the voluntary movement different from others?

A

it is generated to achieve a goal

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5
Q

voluntary movement is the ultimate result of excitation of motor neurons in ________ & _________?

A

brainstem

spinal cord

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6
Q

T/F: strength of muscle contraction is proportional to the amount of excitation receives in lower motor neurons?

A

True

Larger amount of excitations -> greater force generation

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7
Q

What are parts of cerebral cortex that in upper motor neurons?

Explain each function

A

association cortex - desire to move

premotor cortex - motor programs

motor cortex - commands

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8
Q

What do association cortex influence?

A

cerebellum

basal ganglia

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9
Q

Where does the cerebellum influence?

A

motor cortex

brainstem

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10
Q

What does the basal ganglia influence on?

A

premotor cortex

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11
Q

Where does the brainstem influence on?

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

Where does the motor cortex influence on?

A

spinal cord

brainstem

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13
Q

Where do the vestibular receptors influence on?

A

cerebellum

brainstem

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14
Q

Where does the afferent voluntary movements travel to?

A

spinal cord

cerebellum

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15
Q

What are structures that have influences on brainstem?

A

cerebellum

motor cortex

vestibular receptors

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16
Q

brainstem control the muscle of ______
spinal cord control the muscle of ______

A

face

body

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17
Q

Upper motor neurons consist of ____?

A

motor & premotor cortex

basal ganglia

brainstem

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18
Q

Lower motor neurons consists of _____?

A

brainstem

spinal cord

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19
Q

What are the muscle fiber types?

A

slow oxidative fibers

fast, resistant fatigue (FR) or fast-oxidative glycolytics (FOG)

fast, fatiguable (FF) or fast-glycolytics (FG)

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20
Q

Characteristics of slow oxidative

A

high oxygen content, low ATPase activity & glycolytics

produce smallest force

high resistance

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21
Q

Characteristics of fast-oxidative glycolytics (FOG)

A

high ATPase activity & glycolytics & oxidative

generate medium force

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22
Q

Characteristics of fast-glycolytics

A

produce largest force of all 3 fibers

low resistance to fatigue

high ATPase activity & glycolytics but low oxidative capacities

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23
Q

What are muscle fibers that have slow oxidative?

What are muscle fibers that have fast-glycolytics?

A

postural muscles & soleus

gastrocnemius

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24
Q

What are structures that have influence on spinal cord?

A

motor cortex

brainstem

voluntary movements

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25
motor unit
motor neurons & all of its fibers that innervated
26
What part of cerebral cortex is the motor command? What part of cerebral cortex is the motor programs? What part of cerebral cortex control the desire to move?
motor cortex premotor cortex association cortex
27
T/F: Most of the time, each muscle only contain one motor units?
False It can contain different number of motor units
28
T/F: one motor unit can only innervate one type of muscle fibers?
True
29
T/F: Under normal conditions, when a motor unit stimulated then not all of the fibers in motor unit are stimulated?
False In normal conditions, all of fibers innervated by motor units are stimulated
30
Motor unit recruitment refer to?
the # of motor units are activated during contraction
31
Few motor units, _______ (more/less) fibers activated, _____ (smaller/larger) force
less smaller
32
Henneman's Size Principle
motor units are recruited in order from smallest to largest SO \> FR \> FG
33
What does Henneman's Principle allow us to do?
allow a fine control of force at all levels of ouput while minimizing fatigue by using SO & FR first and only recruit FF fibers when higher forces are required
34
What will the higher frequencey of firing rate in motor neurons cause?
the larger amount of force
35
When do twitch contractions happen? Will its force to be smallest or largest?
when the firing rate is slower than the contraction & relaxation of muscle fibers btw stimuli smallest
36
When will the temporal summation contractions happen?
when firing rate is faster than the contraction & relaxation of muscle fibers -\> increase force with each successive stimulus
37
How does unfused tetanus contraction compare to twitch, temporal summation & fused tetanus contractions in force generation & firing rate?
higher rate & force than temporal summation & twitch contractions but lower than in fused tetanus contraction
38
Proprioceptors What are those types?
the receptors that respond to change in space & balance of the body to environment Muscle spindles & golgi tendon organs
39
What are characteristics of muscle spindles?
innervated by gamma motor neurons enclosed by connective tissue run parallel with other fibers have large-diameter sensory axons
40
What is the other name for muscle spindles? What is the other name for Golgi tendon organs?
intrafusal fibers extrafusal fibers
41
What type of contraction will cause the maximum force possible? How does it do that?
fused tetanus highest firing rate
42
What are type of motor neurons innervate Golgi tendons organ?
alpha motor neurons
43
What does Golgi Tendons organ respond to? What does muscle spindles respond to?
change in muscle tension change in muscle length
44
What type of proprioceptors that LMN innervate?
Golgi Tendons Organ = extrafusal fibers
45
Explain the figure
When either Golgi Tendons or Muscle spindles stimulated, there will be a gap of afferent firing rate
46
Information from proprioceptors is ________ (afferent/ efferent)?
afferent information to CNS
47
Describe 12 cranial nerves by its mnemonic
Only oil on true tits are fun and Oldfactory/Optic/Occulomotor/Trochlear/Trigeminal/Abducens/Facial/Auditory/ give virgins all heat Glossopharyngeal/ vagus/ accessory/ hypoglossal
48
Explain each of cranial nerves is sensory/ motor or both by mnemonic
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brain Matter More
49
What are CNs responsible for eye movements? Describe explicitly the name of each
CN 3,4 & 6 occulomotor, trochlear & abducens
50
CN 12 is \_\_\_\_\_, responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_
hypoglossal tounge
51
extrafusal fibers
Golgi Tendons organ
52
CN 5 is \_\_\_\_\_\_, responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_
trigeminal muscles of mastification
53
intrafusal fibers
muscle spindles
54
CN 7 is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_
facial nerve facial expressions
55
What are the cranial nerves that are both motor & sensory?
Trigeminal (CN 5) Facial (CN 7) Glossopharyngeal (CN 9) Vagus (CN 10)
56
What are the CNs that respond to sensory?
oldfactory nerve (CN 1) optic nerve (CN 2) auditory nerve (CN 8)
57
nucleus ambiguous
brain stem nuclei that have motor neurons travel with CN 9, 10 & 11
58
CN 11 is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
accessory nerves neck muscles
59
T/F : reflexive moments are generated within the cortex & require consciousness
False It's generated within spinal cord or brainstem
60
What type of proprioceptors that act to carry afferent information in stretch reflex? Why does stretch reflex have this type?
muscle spindle because it has the great conduction velocity due to large-diameter axons -\> mediate rapid reflex adjustments
61
What type of proprioceptors that act to carry efferent information in stretch reflex?
Golgi Tendons organs or alpha motor neurons
62
Characteristic of stretch reflex circuit
single synapse circuit btw afferent & efferent limbs
63
CN 9 is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Is it sensory/ motor or both?
Glossopharyngeal nerve Both
64
Inverse myostatic stretch
the stretch that help muscle relax to prevent overdoing force & injury
65
What type of proprioceptors that respond in inverse myostatic stretch?
only Golgi Tendons Organ
66
Mechanism of inverse myostatic reflex
the primary afferent make synaptic contact with inhibitory interneurons, which inhibit alpha motor neurons of the same muscle -\> force reduction
67
During stretch what are two mechanisms that involve?
monosynaptic synapse (stretch reflex) reciprocal inhibition
68
reciprocal inhibition
the inhibition of antagonist during stretch to aid the stretch reflex
69
CN 10 is \_\_\_\_\_, responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vagus nerve sensory, motor & autonomic functions of viscera (glands, heart...)
70
What mechanism is important for noiceptive stimuli?
flexion & cross extension
71
Mechanism of Flexion & Cross extension
flexor muscles are activated while extensor muscles inhibited on the noiceptive stimuli to move the limb away On the side contralateral to noxious stimuli, cross extension activates extensors & inhibit flexors
72
T/F: Neuron circuit in spinal cord can't generate rhythmic movements without ascending or descending input
False
73
What does this figure represent?
represent the synaptic connection of pacemaker cells in generating rhythmic movements by central pattern generator
74
Describe the synaptic connection steps in A,B,C,D
A - glutamate binds to receptors allowing slow Na+ influx -\> slowly depolarizing B - Mg++ unblocks the NMDA receptors allowing Na++ & Ca++ rapid influx of depolarization C - K+ channels open slowly -\> K+ reflux D - Mg++ reblocks NMDA channels -\> Ca++ & Na+ stop flowing into the cells
75
Explain the synaptic connections of central pattern generators
1) cortex activate excitatory interneurons 2) Excitatory interneurons activate extensors muscles & interneurons that inhibit the antagonist (flexor muscles)
76
Where is the final common pathway to initiate movements?
inputs to alpha motor neurons
77
Where do alpha motor neurons receive input from?
input from UMN input from spinal interneurons sensory input from muscle spindles

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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