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Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology > Topic 9: Descending control > Flashcards

Topic 9: Descending control Flashcards

1
Q

where does the ventromedial pathway travel?

A

ventral funiculus

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2
Q

What are tracts in ventromedial pathway?

A

vestibulospinal

tectospinal

reticulospinal

anterior corticospinal

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3
Q

What are tracts in lateral pathway?

A

lateral corticospinal

rubrospinal

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4
Q

What tract have this function: axial, limb & eye; balance & eye movements?

A

vestibulospinal

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5
Q

What tract have this function: proximal muscles; movement & posture?

A

reticulospinal & anterior corticospinal

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6
Q

What tract have this function: distal limb muscles; skilled movements?

A

lateral corticospinal

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7
Q

What does rubrospinal tract do?

A

activate proximal arm flexors

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8
Q

What does tectospinal tract innervate?

This tract is responsible for ________?

A

neck muscles

head orienting movements

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9
Q

Input of rubrospinal tract?

Input of tectospinal tract?

A

cerebellum & cortex

visual, somatosensory & auditory information

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10
Q

What are the subcortical motor systems?

A

all tracts except corticospinal

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11
Q

Where does the lateral pathway travel?

A

lateral funiculus

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12
Q

Where is the origin of rubrospinal tract?

Decribe pathway of rubrospinal tract? (bilateral/unilateral/ipsilateral/ contralateral)

A

red nucleus

unilateral & contralateral

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13
Q

What tract is rubrospinal tract adjacent to?

A

lateral corticospinal tract

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14
Q

What is the origin of tectospinal tract?

A

superior colliculus

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15
Q

Describe the pathway of tectospinal tract

(bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral) ?

A

unilateral & contralateral

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16
Q

Where is the origin of reticulospinal tract?

A

pontine & medullary reticular formation

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17
Q

what is reticular formation?

A

networks of neurons that run the length of brainstem

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18
Q

Of all the pathways in descending control, which one doesn’t receive input from cortex?

A

vestibulospinal

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19
Q

Describe the pathway of pontine reticulospinal tract (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral) ?

Describe the pathway of medullary reticulospinal tract (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilatera/ contralateral)

A

unilateral/ ipsilatera

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20
Q

what does pontine reticulospinal tract excite/inhibit? Is it inhibited or excited by higher center?

A

upper flexors & lower extensors

inhibited

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21
Q

What does medullary reticulospinal tract excite/inhibit? Is it it exhibited or excited by higher center?

A

excite upper flexors & inhibit all extensors

excited

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22
Q

How does reticulospinal tract support the premotor & motor cortex innitiate movement?

A

activate the proximal musculature to stabilize & prepare the body for these limb movements

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23
Q

What is the origin of vestibulospinal tract? Where is the input does it receive from?

A

vestibular nuclei

spiral ganglion via CN 8

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24
Q

Describe the pathway of medial vestibulospinal pathway (bilateral/unilateral/ ipsilateral/ contralateral) ?

A

bilateral via medial longitudinal fasciculus

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25
What tract does also involve in cardiovascular & respiratory control, sleep & wakefulness functions?
reticulospinal tract
26
What does medial vestibulospinals pathway activate?
motor neurons & interneurons that innervate neck and back muscles CN 3,4 & 6 nuclei for eye movement
27
Describe lateral vestibulospinal pathway (bilateral/ unilateral/ ipsilateral/ contralateral) ?
unilateral & ipsilateral
28
What does lateral vestibulospinal pathway specifically excite/ inhibit?
excite extensor motor neurons inhibit flexor motor neurons of the limbs
29
Name all of the vestibulorspinal reflexes
vestibulo-ocular reflex vestibulo-cervical reflex vestibulo- spinal reflex
30
What does vestibulo-ocular reflex allow you to do?
to gaze fixedly on an object when the head turns
31
What does vestibulo-cervical reflex allow you to do?
maintain head position by activating neck muscles
32
What does vestibulo-spinal reflex allow you to do?
maintain balance & posture
33
Corticobullar pathway is projection of motor cortex neuron to \_\_\_\_\_?
the brainstem
34
Brainstem motor neurons project to facial musculature via \_\_\_\_\_\_?
cranial nerves
35
Corticospinal pathway is the projection of motor cortex neuron to \_\_\_\_\_?
spinal cord
36
Spinal cord motor neurons project to body musculature via \_\_\_\_\_\_?
spinal nerves
37
Why do we refer lateral corticospinal pathway as "the corticospinal pathway" ?
because it comprises of 90% of corticospinal pathway ventral corticospinal comprises only 10%
38
Where is the upper motor neurons in both corticospinal & corticobullar tract?
cortex
39
T/F: Upper motor neurons in the cortex descend through grey matter to make synaptic connections in spinal cord
False its cortical white matter
40
Symptoms of lower motor neuron lesions
muscle weakness reflexes are reduced or gone decreased muscle tone, fasiculation & fibrilation muscle atrophy/ paralyzed
41
Where is the lower motor neurons for corticospinal tract?
ventromedial funiculus & dorsalateral funiculus of spinal cord
42
Where is the lower motor neurons for corticobullar tract?
cranial nerve nuclei & other structures of brainstem regions
43
Describe the pathway of corticalspinal tract
1) axons of motor cortex neurons descend as corona radiata 2) form internal capsule when travel deeper to cortex in diencephalon & telencephalon 3) travel through ventral surface cerebral peduncles & as a bundle at pons 4) continue on ventral surface of medulla as pyramids 5) cross to the contralateral side at medullary/spinal junction as pyramidal decussation (not all cross) 6) in spinal cord, pyramid decussation = lateral corticospinal tract while uncrossed fibers are ventral corticospinal tract
44
In spinal cord, lateral corticospinal tract make synapse contacts in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
dorsolateral funiculus
45
In spinal cord, ventral corticospinal tract makes synaptic contact in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
ventromedial funiculus
46
decerebrate rigidity
the postures of upper limbs & lower limbs are both extended
47
where is the lesion to cause decerebrate rigidity?
btw mesencephalon & pons
48
Why does decerebrate rigidity occur?
lateral vestibulospinal continue to excite extensors
49
decorticate regidity
the posture disease in which upper limbs flexes & lower limbs extends
50
Where is the lesion to cause decorticate rigidity?
above nuclei
51
Why does decorticate rigidity occur?
rubrospinal tract continue to excite
52
What does proximal muscles involved in?
balance, posture & preparation of movement
53
What does distal muscles involved in?
voluntary movements (Ex: movements of digits)
54
What is the other name for pontine reticulospinal tract? What is the other name for medullary reticulospinal tract?
medial reticulospinal tract lateral reticulospinal tract
55
What tract is responsible for following situation: When you hear a bang & see something flying through air from the same direction, this pathway is responsible for orienting you head & eyes toward stimuli
Tectospinal tract
56
motor equivalence
the brain represent the outcome of action independently on specific effectors used or the specific way the action is achieved
57
What tract innervate CNs 3,4 & 6 for eye movements?
medial vestibulospinal tract
58
What tract is responsible for following situation: gastrocnemius is activated first when person is instructed to "pull on the bar as soon as you hear the bell" in anticipation of the arm movement
reticulospinal tract
59
How is voluntary movements different from reflex movements?
VM requires input from cortex vs RM requires input from spinal cord/ brainstem generated internally vs generated only in response to stimuli organized around performance of task vs stereotyped practice & learning improve the effectiveness of voluntary movements vs same every time
60
Where is the primary motor cortex? T/F: Motor map of primary motor cortex (M1) is different from the map of somatosensory cortex
precentral gyrus False.
61
What tract that excites upper flexors but inhibit all extensors ?
medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract
62
What are the symptoms of upper motor neurons lesions?
muscle weakness spasticity (clonus, hyperactive reflexes, increased tone) Babinski's sign loss of fine voluntary movements
63
When there is a stroke or tumor in brain, what will happen to cause UMN symptoms?
64
What tract that excites upper flexors & lower extensors and inhibited by higher center?
pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract
65
What is the concept explaining the following example: I can write my name with my toes, left hand, right hand or teeth.
motor equivalence
66
What tract that excite all extensors & inhibit all flexors of the limbs indirectly through interneurons?
lateral vestibulospinal tract
67
spasticity What is the cause?
the strong resistance to passive movements of the limb due to the hyperactive stretch reflex
68
What are two pathways that involve in spasticity?
medial reticulospinal tract vestibulospinal tract
69
What does premotor cortex involve in?
movement planning
70
How does lateral premotor cortex (LPC) differ from supplementary premotor cortex (MPC)?
LPC=observing an action movement that we are about to do vs MPC = imagining a complex movements triggered by external sensory stimuli vs generated internally
71
spasticity is the result of ______ (increase/decrease) _______ (excitation/ inhibition) inputs from medial reticulospinal & vestibulospinal tracts
increase excitation
72
Where does the premotor cortex receive inputs from?
multisensory inputs from inferior & superior parietal lobe inputs relating to motivation & intention from prefrontal cortex

Neuroanatomy & Neurophysiology/ Pathology (13 decks)

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