New Shit To Study

Question 1

____ repels blood cells and platelets

Answer 1

Tunica interna

Question 2

what is the tunica interna made of?

Answer 2

simple squamous endothelium and a basement membrane

Question 3

______ provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels and smaller blood vessels that supply outer parts of large vessels

Answer 3

Tunica externa

Question 4

What, other than atherosclerosis and hypertension can cause aneurysms?

Answer 4

congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma or bacterial infections

Question 5

Why do the tendons, cartilages and epithelia heal so slowly?

Answer 5

they have little to no cartilage

Question 6

Capillaries, arterioles and venules are all _______.

Answer 6

Microvasculature

Question 7

What causes the blood brain barrier?

Answer 7

The continuous capillaries in the brain that have really tight junctions with no intercellular clefts

Question 8

What are some features of the continuous capillary?

Answer 8

Pericyte, basal lamina, intercellular cleft, tight junction

Question 9

Simusoids allow ________ to enter the circulation

Answer 9

proteins (albumin), clotting factors and new blood cells

Question 10

What in the veins keeps blood from falling back down when the muscles relax?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscles and venous valves

Question 11

What causes edema?

Answer 11

Varicose veins

Question 12

What kind of anatomoses is it considered when fingers, palms, toes and ears reduce heat loss in cold weather by allowing warm blood to bypass these exposed surfaces?

Answer 12

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Question 13

What happens to poorly perfused areas in arteriovenous anastomosis?

Answer 13

They become more susceptible to frostbite

Question 14

_____ is the force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall

Answer 14

Blood pressure

Question 15

What is the silent killer most common disease that affects about 30% of Americans over 50?

Answer 15

Hypertension

Question 16

Two causes of primary and secondary hypertension.

Answer 16

Primary - Obesity, diet
Secondary - Kidney disease, atherosclerosis

Question 17

______ is the autonomic negative feedback response to changes in BP detected by stretch receptors in large arteries above heart

Answer 17

Baroreflex

Question 18

______ is an automatic response in changes to blood chemistry

Answer 18

Chemoreflex

Question 19

Where can chemoreceptors be found?

Answer 19

In aortic arch, subclavian arteries, external carotid arteries

Question 20

_____ is the automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain

Answer 20

Medullary ischemic reflex

Question 21

What part of the brain monitors its own blood supply?

Answer 21

Medulla oblangata

Question 22

Stress, anger and arousal can ______

Answer 22

raise BP

Question 23

How does aldosterone increase blood volume and blood pressure?

Answer 23

Salt retention

Question 24

Atrial natiuretic factor is secreted by the ________, increases ________ and decreases ________

Answer 24

Heart
Na excretion by kidney
Decreases BP

Question 25

What does ADH do to BP?

Answer 25

Increases it

Question 26

What is the epinephrine and norepinephrine effect in most blood vessels?

Answer 26

An increase in BP

Question 27

The _______ extends from notrils or anterior/external nares to the posterior opening called the conchae or posterior/internal nares.

Answer 27

Nasal cavity

Question 28

The _____ and the _______ makes up the nasal septum

Answer 28

Vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Question 29

What happens if one side of the erectile tissue is obstructed?

Answer 29

The other dries out and the tissue transforms into stratified squamous epithelium which doesn’t dry out

Question 30

What parts of the pharynx are made of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 30

oro pharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 31

The esophagus begins at the _____

Answer 31

Laryngopharynx

Question 32

_____ is the space between the soft palate and the epiglottis

Answer 32

Oropharynx

Question 33

The _____ rotates the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages, operating the vocal cords while the _____ connects the larynx to the hyoid bone and pulls the larynx during swallowing

Answer 33

Intrinsic muscles Extrinsic muscles

Question 34

What happens if a tracheostomy is left for too long?

Answer 34

It dries out the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract

Question 35

The right lung has ____ lobes and the left has has ______

Answer 35

3 2

Question 36

What separates the lobes of the right lung?

Answer 36

The horizontal and oblique fissure

Question 37

What separates the two lobes of the left lung?

Answer 37

A single oblique fissure

Question 38

The ____ lung is shorter while the ______ lung is taller and narrower

Answer 38

left right

Question 39

The visceral pleurae is on the _____ while the parietal plearau lines the ______

Answer 39

lungs rib cage

Question 40

The pleural cavity can be found _____

Answer 40

between the visceral and parietal pleura

Question 41

What are the functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

Answer 41

Reduces friction, creates pressure gradient and does compartmentalization

Question 42

The ______ holds the first pair of ribs stationary

Answer 42

Scalenes

Question 43

The _____ is used in forced expiration (coughing, singing and sneezing) while the _____ is used in forced inspiration

Answer 43

Abdominals and latissimus dorsi Pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

Question 44

Neurons in the ______ control unconscious breathing

Answer 44

Medulla and pons

Question 45

What do we need from the brain to breath?

Answer 45

Stimuli

Question 46

What fires during inspiration? Forced expiration?

Answer 46

Inspiratory neurons Expiratory neurons

Question 47

Fibers of _______ go to diaphragm, _____ to intercostal muscles

Answer 47

Phrenic nerves intercostal nerves

Question 48

What is Boyles Law?

Answer 48

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Question 49

What matters to flow is the difference between ______ and ______ pressures

Answer 49

Atmospheric and intrapulmonary

Question 50

What are some lung cancers?

Answer 50

Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma

Question 51

_____ leads to severe edema

Answer 51

Interference with lymphatic drainage

Question 52

What are the terminal lymphatics also called?

Answer 52

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 53

What is the route of lymph flow?

Answer 53

Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic collecting vessels Lymphatic trunks Collecting ducts

Question 54

Lymph class at low _____ and _____, the flow is aided by _____. The _____ pump aids flow from the abdominal to thoracic cavity and the _____ prevents backward flow.

Answer 54

Pressure and speed Skeletal muscle pump Thoracic pump Valves

Question 55

The ____ cells can be found in the epidermis, mucous membranes and the lymphatic organs while the ______ cells contribute to stroma

Answer 55

dendritic reticular

Question 56

The ____ tonsil is at the oral cavity, the _____ tonsil is at the root of the tongue and the _____ tonsil is on the wall of the nasopharynx

Answer 56

Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal

Question 57

The red pulp of the spleen is filled with ____ whole the white pulp is filled with _____

Answer 57

erythrocytes and lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 58

Describe the 3 lines of defense

Answer 58

1st - External barriers of skin and mucous membranes 2nd - Several innate defense mechanisms 3rd - Adaptive immunity

Question 59

What is released from natural killer cells that destroys infected host cell?

Answer 59

Perforins

Question 60

The ______ is a group of 30 or more globulin that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity

Answer 60

Complement system