Chapter 17: Blood Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
What is hematology?
A
Study of blood
2
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
Transport, protection and regulation
3
Q
What does blood transport?
A
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones
4
Q
What part of the blood is part of protection?
A
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
5
Q
What does the circulatory consist of?
A
The heart, blood and blood vessels
6
Q
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
A
Heart and blood vessels
7
Q
How much blood does an adult usually have?
A
4 - 6 L
8
Q
What is blood?
A
Liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
9
Q
_______ is aa clear, light yellow fluid
A
Plasma
10
Q
What are the 3 formed elements?
A
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
11
Q
What are erythrocytes also known as?
A
Red blood cells
12
Q
What are thrombocytes known as?
A
Platelets
13
Q
What are leukocytes known as?
A
White blood cells
14
Q
What are the 2 categories of leukocytes?
A
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
15
Q
What are the granulocytes (name them)?
A
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
16
Q
What are the granulocytes (name them)?
A
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
17
Q
What are the agranulocytes?
A
Lymphocytes and monocytes
18
Q
_____ is the % of blood cells compared to the total blood volume
A
Hematocrit
19
Q
What’s the heaviest formed element/settles first?
A
Erythrocytes
20
Q
What percentage of blood is the erythrocytes?
A
37 - 52%
21
Q
What percentage of blood is the erythrocytes?
A
37 - 52%
22
Q
What % of the blood is white blood cells and platelets?
A
1
23
Q
What percentage of blood is the plasma?
A
47 - 63%
24
Q
What is plasma a mixture of?
A
Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, nitrogenous wastes, hormones and gases
25
What’s is the the only difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma has fibrinogen while serum does not
26
What is the remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed called?
Serum
27
What’s the liquid portion of blood?
Plasma
28
What are the 3 major categories of plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen
29
________ is the most abundant category of blood, as it contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance
Albumin
30
What is the category of the plasma proteins that serves as an antibody and a carrier protein?
Globulin
31
What in the blood helps with clotting?
Fibrinogen
32
Other than _____ , plasma proteins are formed in the _____.
Gamma globulins and liver
33
What are gamma globulins produced by?
Plasma cells
34
_____ is the resistance of a fluid to flow (thickness or stickiness of a fluid).
Viscosity
35
Whole blood is _____ times as viscous as water.
5
36
________ is the total molarity of dissolved particles
Osmolarity
37
High osmolarity causes _______, while low osmolarity causes ________.
Fluid absorption into blood raising BP
Fluid to remian in the tissues, edema
38
Hypoproteinemia is the deficiency of ______
Plasma proteins
39
What are some signs of hypoproteinemia?
Extreme starvation, liver or kidney diseases and severe burns
40
Children with _______ have severe protein deficiency, withy thin arms and legs and a swollen abdomen.
Kwashiorkor
41
Adults produce ____ platelets, _____ RBCs and _____ WBCs daily.
400 billion , 100-200 billion and 10 billion
42
Homeopoiesis is the ________
Production of blood, especially its formed elements
43
______ produces all seven formed elements
Red blood bone marrow
44
How many classes of formed elements does the colony-forming unit make?
1
45
________ hemopoiesis is the blood formation in the bone marrow while _____ hemopoiesis is blood formation in the lymphatic organs
Myeloid and lymphoid
46
What does lymphoid hemopoiesis only involve beyond infancy?
Lymphocytes
47
What are the 2 main functions of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs
48
Insufficient RBCS can cause death in minutes due to ______
Lack of oxygen to tissues
49
What is blood type determined by?
Surface glycoproteins and glycolipids
50
What do RBCs lack?
Mitochondria, mitosis, protein synthesis, DNA and nucleus
51
What percent of cytoplasm is hemoglobin?
33%
52
What gases are involved with the RBCs?
Oxygen delivery to tissues
Carbon dioxide transport to lungs
53
What does carbonic anhydrase do?
Produces carbonic acid from m carbon dioxide and water
54
How many protein chains do globins have and what is this divided into?
4, 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
55
______ are non protein moieties that bind to ferrous ion (Fe) at its center
Heme groups
56
What does RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate?
The amount of oxygen blood can carry
57
Why are hematocrit %, hemoglobin concentration and RBC count lower in women than men.?
Androgens stimulate RBC production
Women have periodic menstrual losses
Male blood clots faster, and fewer vessels in male skin
58
What are the steps to red blood cell production?
1. Hemopoietic stem cell
2. Colony forming - unit (Erythrocyte CFU)
3. Erythroblast (Hemoglobin made, nucleus disappears)
4. Reticulocyte (Leave marrow to blood)
5. Erythrocyte (Polyribosomes disappear(
59
_____ RBCs are produced per second, has a development of _____ and has an average lifespan of _____
~ 1 million, 3 - 5 days and 120 days
60
What element is one of the key nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis?
Iron
61
Iron is lost daily through _______ and women lose ___ a day while men lose ____ a day.
Urine, feces and bleeding
0.9 mg/day and 1.7 mg/day
62
How much iron should be consumed daily?
5 -20 mg/day
63
_______ converts Fe3+ to absorbable Fe2+
Stomach acid
64
Gastroferritin binds _____ and transports it to _____
Fe2+ and intestine
65
Fe2+ is absorbed into the blood and binds to ______ for transport
Transferritin
66
_____ for hemoglobin and ______ for myoglobin
Bone marrow and muscle
67
____ binds to Fe2+ create ferritin for storage
Liver apoferritin
68
What are the steps of iron metabolism?
1. Mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is injested
2. Stomach converts Fe3+ to Fe2+
3. Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
4. Gastroferritin transports Fe2+ to small intestine and releases it for absorption
5. In blood plasma Fe2+ binds to transferritin
6. In liver, some transferritin releases Fe2+ for storage
7. Fe2+ bind to apoferritin to be stored as ferritin
8. Remaining transferrin is distributed to other organs where Fe2+ is used to make hemoglobin, myoglobin etc
69
What kind of feedback system occurs in erythropoiesis?
Negative feedback
70
Production of ______ stimulates bone marrow.
Erythropoietin
71
How long does it take from RBC count to go back up after it decreases?
3 - 4 days
72
What’s re some stimuli for erythropoiesis that causes the negative feedback loop?
Low levels of oxygen (hypoxemia) - Moving to higher altitudes
Increase in exercise (Muscles consume oxygen faster)
Loss of lung tissue in emphysema
73
Where do RBCs rupture/lyse?
In narrow channels of spleen and liver
74
What do macrophages in the spleen do?
Digest membrane bits and separate heme from globin
75
What is its called when the heme pigment is converted to green?
Billiverdin
76
What is billiverdin converted to that is yellow?
Billirubin
77
What gives brown feces its color and yellow urine its color?
Feces - Urobillnogen
Urine - Urochrome
78
Billirubin _______ and gut bacteria turns _____ into brown urobilliogen.
Binds albumin and bile
79
What is an excess of RBCs called?
Polycythemia
80
What are the kinds of polycythemia and explain.
Primary - cancer of erthrythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow (RBC count as high as 11 million)
Secondary - Can be from dehydration, high altitude or physical conditioning (RBC count as high as 8 million)
81
Embolism, stroke and heart failure are all dangers of _______.
Polycythemia
82
_____ is the low-carrying capacity of RBCs
Anemia
83
Some causes of anemia include _____ anemia, _____- anemia and ________.
Hemorrhagic (blood loss), hemolytic (RBC destruction) and inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
84
_______ anemia involves the autoimmune destruction of the stomach that makes the intrinsic factor.
Pernicious
85
What are some things that can lead to inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis?
Inadequate vitamin B12/lack of intrinsic factor
Iron - deficiency
Kidney failure
Aplastic anemia
86
Aplastic anemia is _________.
Cessation of myeloid function
87
What are 3 effects of anemia?
Tissue hypoxia and necrosis
Low blood osmolarity producing tissue edema
Low blood viscosity
88
What causes sickle-cell?
A recessive allele that modifies the structure of the hemoglobin molecule
89
The only thing that differs a person with sickle cell from a normal person is the _______ amino acid of the beta chain.
Sixth
90
______ are used to distinguish self blood type form foreign, _____ are secreted by plasma cells as a part of an immune response to foreign matter and _____ causes clumping of RBCs.
Antigens, antibodies, agglutination
91
RBC antigens are called ____, are divided into __ and _____ and are determined by ____
Agglutinogens
A and B
Glycolipids on RBC surface
92
Antibodies are also known as ____ and divided to ___ and ___ and are found in the _____.
Agglutinins
Anti-A and anti-B
Plasma
93
Blood Type A person has ___ antigens, Blood Type B person has ___ antigens, Blood Type AB person has ___ antigens and Blood Type O person has ___ antigens
A
B
A and B
Neither
94
The most common blood type is ____ while the rarest is _____.
O and AB
95
You can not form antibodies against your _______.
Antigens
96
What is responsible for mismatched transfusion reaction?
Agglutination
97
Charles Brew was the first African American to pursue an adavanced degree in medicine in _____, which led him to use ____ rather than whole blood which gave way to less transfusion reactions.
Blood banking and transfusion
Plasma
98
What does O blood type lack?
RBC antigens
99
Why is type AB the universal recipient?
It lacks plasma antibodies, so no anti-A or anti-B
100
Where and when was the Rh Agglutinogens discovered?
Rhesus monkey and 1940
101
What type of agglutinogens are not usually present?
Anti-D
102
What kind of mother may have issues during her pregnancy/transfusion?
A Rh- woman with an Rh+ fetus/blood transfusion would have no issues the first time but would the second time
103
What is given to pregnant Rh- women and why?
RhoGAM and because it binds fetal Agglutinogens so she will not form Anti-D antibodies
104
What can the Rh antibodies that attack fetal blood cause?
Severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome
105
What id the least abundant formed element?
Leukocytes (WBCs)
106
______ protects against infectious microorganisms and pathogens.
White blood cells
107
How long do leukocytes stay the bloodstream before migrating to connective tissue?
A few hours
108
_____- have a three to five-lobed nucleus
Neutrophils
109
________ have large rosy-orange granules, with a bilobed nucleus.
Eosinophils
110
____ have large, abundant, violet granules thaat cover the nucleus.
Basophils
111
_____ is usually the largest WBC
Monocyte
112
A large number of neutrophils can lead to ____ infections, a large number of eosinophils can lead to ____ and a large number of basophils can lead to ________.
Bacterial infections
Parasitic infections, allergies, collagen infections
Chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes
113
What do basophils secrete and what do they do?
Histamine (vasodilator) - Speeds up flow of blood to an injured area
Heparin (anticoagulant) - Promotes mobility of other WBCs in the area
114
What are neutrophils nicknamed?
Band-, stab- and PMN cells
115
A large number of lymphocytes leads to ____ and a large number of monocytes leads to _______.
Diverse infections and immune responses
Numbers of viral infections and inflammation
116
______ destroys cancer, foreign and virally infected cells, presents antigens to activate other immune cells and secretes antibodies, providing immune memory.
Lymphocytes
117
_______ leaves the bloodstream, transforming into macrophages.
Monocytes
118
What is the production of leukopoeisis?
Production of white blood cells
119
Hemopoietic stem cells are also called ______.
Hemocytoblasts
120
What do hemocytoblasts differentriate to?
Myeloblasts, monoblasts and lymphoblasts
121
Myeloblasts form_______, monobalsts form ____ and lymphoblasts form ____.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
122
Where are granulocytes stored and released?
In the red bone marrow
123
Dead ____ causes the creamy color of pus.
Neutrophils
124
Granulocytes leave the blood stream in ____ hours and leave ____ days later, while monocytes leave in _____, transform into macrophages and live for ______.
8 hours
5 days
20 hours
Several years
125
What is a normal WBC count range?
4 - 10 thousand
126
______ is a low WBC count below ___ and ___ is a high WBC count, higher than ____.
Leukopenia, 5,000, Leukocytosis, 10,000
127
Radiation, HIV and poisons are all causes of _______.
Leukopenia
128
What are some causes of leukocytosis?
Infection, allergy, disease
129
_____ is the cancer of hemopoietic tissue, usually producing a very high number of circulating leukocytes.
Leukemia
130
Myeloid leukemia is uncontrolled ______ production while _____ leukemia is uncontrolled lymphocytes or monocytes production.
Granulocytes
Lymphoid
131
Acute leukemia appears _____, with death within _______, while _______ goes undetected for months, with the survival time being 3 yeas
Suddenly, months and chronic leukemia
132
Hemostasis is ______ while hemorrhage is ________
The cessation of bleeding
Excessive bleeding
133
What are the 3 steps of stopping bleeding?
Vascular spasm, Platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation)
134
_____ are small fragments of megakaryocyte cells, with a normal count of ___________
Platelets
130,000 to 400,000
135
What are some platelet functions?
Phagocytizes bacteria
Initiates formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
Secretes clotting factors and growth factors for vessel repair
136
What is platelet formation called?
Thrombopoiesis
137
What happens in the vascular spasm stage of hemostasis?
Blood vessels constrict
138
In _____ platelets adhere to blood vessels pulling it together.
Platelet plug formation
139
What is the main goal of blood clotting?
To convert fibrinogen to fibrin
140
______ is the sticky protein that sticks to the walls of blood vessels
Fibrin
141
In the ____ pathway, factors released by damaged tissue begin in cascade while in the ______ pathway, factors in blood begin cascade.
Extrinsic and intrinsic
142
What is the most effective defense against bleeding?
Clotting
143
What are clotting factors called?
Procoagulants
144
Extrinsic pathway is initiated by _______ cascade to factors ___, __ and ___
Tissue thromboplastin
Factor 7, 5 and 10
145
Instrinsic pathway is initiated by factor ___ cascade to factor ____ to ____ to ____ to _____.
7, 11, 9, 8, 10
146
What is required for both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Calcium
147
What is hemophilia?
Deficiency of any clotting factor that can shut down the coagulation cascade
148
What kind of disease is hemophilia?
Sex-linked recessive (X)
149
What are the kinds of hemophilia, what does this entail and what are the percentages?
Hemophilia A missing factor VIII (83%)
Hemophilia B missing factor IX (15%)
Hemophilia C missing factor XI (autosomal)
150
What is embolism?
Blood clotting in a vessel
151
_______ is abnormal clotting in an unbroken vessel and is most likely to occur _____.
Thrombosis
In the leg veins of inactive people
152
What is infarction called?
Tissue death
153
How many Americans die annually of thromboembolism (traveling blood clot)?
650,000
154
____ are masses of clotted blood in tissues.
Hematomas
155
What is required for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
156
______ suppresses thromboxane.
Aspirin
157
What animals have been used as anticoagulants?
Medicinal leeches (hirudin)
Snake venom (Arvin)
