Chapter 20: Lymphatic and Immune System

Question 1

The ________ not an organ system, but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

Answer 1

Immune system

Question 2

What are pathogens?

Answer 2

agents capable of producing disease

Question 3

What are some examples of pathogens?

Answer 3

viruses, bacteria, and fungi

Question 4

____________ in small intestine absorb dietary lipids

Answer 4

Lacteals

Question 5

What do both lymphatic and immune systems do?

Answer 5

Maintain fluid balance
Protect body from infection and disease

Question 6

________ is clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but much less protein

Answer 6

lymph

Question 7

________ is the recovered fluid

Answer 7

lymph

Question 8

________ transport the lymph

Answer 8

lymphatic vessels

Question 9

____ are composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body

Answer 9

lymphatic tissues

Question 10

________ are defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs
Separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules

Answer 10

Lymphatic organs

Question 11

What are the 3 layers of the larger lymphatic vessels?

Answer 11

Tunica interna, media, externa

Question 12

What layer of the lymphatic vessel has the endothelium and valves?

Answer 12

Tunica interna

Question 13

What layer of the lymphatic vessel has elastic fibers, smooth muscle?

Answer 13

Tunica media

Question 14

What is the thin outer layer of the lymphatic vessel?

Answer 14

Tunica externa

Question 15

What are the cells of the lymphatic system?

Answer 15

Natural killer cells
T-cells
B-cells
Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
Reticular cells

Question 16

What are the tissues of the lymphatic system?

Answer 16

Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Question 17

____ cells attack foreign and infected host cells and are responsible for immune surveillance

Answer 17

natural killer (nk) cells

Question 18

T lymphocytes develop in the ________ but mature in ______

Answer 18

Bone marrow
Thymus

Question 19

What are the antigen presenting cells?

Answer 19

Macrophages, dendritic and reticular cells

Question 20

What are the main APCs that develop from monocytes?

Answer 20

Macrophages

Question 21

What does MALT stand for?

Answer 21

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Question 22

What kind of tissue is MALT?

Answer 22

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Question 23

____ are dense oval masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

Answer 23

Lymphatic nodules

Question 24

What are lymphatic nodules a constant feature of?

Answer 24

lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix

Question 25

Lymphatic organs are anatomically well-defined. They have ____________ that separates lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissues

Answer 25

connective tissue capsule

Question 26

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 26

Red bone and thymus

Question 27

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 27

Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

Question 28

What systems is the thymus a member of?

Answer 28

endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems

Question 29

What does the thymus house?

Answer 29

Developing lymphocytes

Question 30

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

Answer 30

thymopoietin, thymulin and thymosins

Question 31

What age does the thymus begin involution?

Answer 31

14

Question 32

Where are the cervical lymph nodes found?

Answer 32

In the neck

Question 33

What kind of nodes are found in the armpit?

Answer 33

Axillary lymph nodes

Question 34

Where are thoracic lymph nodes found?

Answer 34

In the thoracic (chest) cavity

Question 35

What lymph nodes occur in posterior abdominopelvic wall?

Answer 35

Abdominal lymph nodes

Question 36

What lymph nodes are found in the mesenteries, adjacent to the appendix and intestines?

Answer 36

Intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 37

Where are inguinal lymph nodes?

Answer 37

In the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb

Question 38

What lymph nodes occur on the back of the knee?

Answer 38

Popliteal lymph nodes

Question 39

What is the collective term for all lymph node diseases?

Answer 39

Lymphadenopathy

Question 40

________ is the swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen

Answer 40

Lymphadenitis

Question 41

What are common sites for metastatic cancer?

Answer 41

lymph nodes

Question 42

________ are when cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors

Answer 42

Metastasis

Question 43

How many sets of tonsils are there?

Answer 43

3

Question 44

What are tonsils?

Answer 44

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx

Question 45

What do tonsils guard against?

Answer 45

ingested or inhaled pathogens

Question 46

What are the 3 main sets of tonsils?

Answer 46

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids)

Question 47

The ____ is the largest lymphatic organ

Answer 47

Spleen

Question 48

What is the spleen also known as?

Answer 48

erythrocyte graveyard”

Question 49

What are some functions of the spleen?

Answer 49

Blood production Blood reservoir RBC disposal Immune reactions

Question 50

What are the 2 categories of lymphatic defenses?

Answer 50

Innate (nonspecific) immunity Adaptive (specific) immunity

Question 51

What defense requires no prior exposure?

Answer 51

innate (nonspecific) immunity

Question 52

____ results from prior exposure

Answer 52

adaptive (specific) immunity-

Question 53

how many lines of defenses against pathogens?

Answer 53

Three

Question 54

What are defensins?

Answer 54

peptides, from neutrophils attack microbes by creating holes in their membranes

Question 55

Where is lysozyme found?

Answer 55

In mucous, tears and saliva

Question 56

What are the phagocytic cells?

Answer 56

the 5 types of leukocytes

Question 57

What histamine and what does it do?

Answer 57

a vasodilator that increases blood flow to infected area

Question 58

What is heparin and what does it do?

Answer 58

an anticoagulant that prevents immobilization of phagocytes

Question 59

What are the 2 families of microbial proteins?

Answer 59

Interferons and complement system

Question 60

____ are proteins that alert neighboring cells and prevents them from becoming infected

Answer 60

Interferons

Question 61

What do T cells attack?

Answer 61

Foreign cells and diseased host cells

Question 62

What the 3 major classes of T cells?

Answer 62

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) Helper T cells: (T_H) Memory T cells: (T_M)

Question 63

____ cells carry out attack of enemy cells

Answer 63

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 64

____ cells help promote Tc cell and B cell action and nonspecific (innate) defense mechanisms

Answer 64

helper T cells

Question 65

____ cells descend from the (TC) and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity

Answer 65

Memory cells

Question 66

What is there a lack of in severe combined immunodefiency?

Answer 66

Hereditary lack of T and B cells

Question 67

What are the most common means of transmission?

Answer 67

Sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral) Contaminated blood products Contaminated needles

Question 68

What causes AIDs?

Answer 68

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 69

What are the types of antibodies?

Answer 69

IgA: mucus, saliva, tears, milk (passive immunity to newborns), intestinal secretions, prevents adherence to epithelia IgD: thought to function in B cells activitation by antigen IgE: stimulates release of histamines, attracts eosinophils; immediate hypersensitivity reactions (inflammation & allergy) IgG: 80% circulating, crosses placenta to fetus, 2 “secondary” immune response, complement fixation IgM: 10% in plasma, 1 “primary” immune response, agglutination, complement fixation

Question 70

What is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 70

A sac-like structure in the lymphatic system that serves as a collection point for lymph fluid from the lower half of the body. In the abdominal region