Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A & P 2 > Chapter 16: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are some differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Exocrine - has ducts, caries secretion to a surface or organ cavity

Endocrine - No ducts, capillary networks which allow hormones to be taken into the bloodstream, intracellular effects like altering target cell metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The endocrine system uses ___________ while the nervous system uses ________.

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do cells need to to in order to maintain homeostasis?

A

Communicate with eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a very specialized cell that looks/acts like a neuron but secretes hormones into the bloodstream called?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 principal mechanisms of communication between cells divided into?

A

Autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Glands, tissues and cells that secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do target cells respond to hormones?

A

When they have the specific receptor for that hormone and when they express specific enzymes that activate otherwise inactive versions of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the most importantly part of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are and what are the functions carried out by the hypothalamus?

A

Many of the functions are carried out in the pituitary gland and they regulate functions like water balance, thermoregulation, sex drive, childbirth etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that stimulates secretion of another hormone by another endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many releasing and inhibiting hormones are there that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and what are they called?

A

There’s 6 of them and they are TSH, PRL, ACTCH, FSH, LH and GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does PIH inhibit the secretion of?

A

Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit the secretion of and how?

A

The growth hormone (GH) and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the other hypothalamic hormones that are both stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is oxytocin produced by?

A

The paraventricular nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is ADH produced by?

A

The supraoptic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is adenohypophysis known and how much is there?

A

Anterior (3/4 of the pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the neurohypophysis known as?

A

Posterior (1/4 of the pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary arise from?

A

Hypophyseal pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary arise form?

A

The brain (extension of hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 gonadotropin hormones that target gonads?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
26
What does ACTH do?
It stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
27
What does prolactin do?
It stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
28
What does growth hormone do?
Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation
29
ADH and oxytocin are produced in the ___________ and transported to the ________
Hypothalamus and posterior lobe of the pituitary
30
What does ADH do?
Increases water retention, reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration
31
What is ADH also called and why?
Vasopressin because it can cause vasoconstriction
32
What are some functions of oxytocin?
Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth, lactation (breast milk release), promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners
33
When is GH mainly secreted?
At night
34
When does LH peak?
In the middle of menstrual cycle
35
When does oxytocin surge?
During labor and breast feeding
36
All hormones have ______.
Half-life
37
What is half-life?
Time required for 50% of hormone to be cleared from the blood
38
GH has a half-life of ____ while IFGs are about _____.
6 - 20 minutes and 20 hours
39
What sparring effects does GH have?
Glucose sparing and protein sparing
40
What stimulates and what suppresses GH synthesis?
Stimulants - Stress, hypoglycemia, trauma, high-protein meals, ghrelin Suppress - High carb diets
41
What is ghrelin?
Stomach hormone mediating hunger
42
What is the second most important part of the endocrine system?
Pineal gland
43
What is the peak time for the pineal gland?
Peak secretion time from ages 1 - 5 and is 75% less by puberty due to involution
44
What is involution?
Shrinkage of an organ/gland
45
What does the pineal gland do?
It produces serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin at night, , playing a role in circadian rhythms and mood disorders
46
What is SAD and PMS?
SAD - Seasonal Affective Disorder PMS - Premenstural Syndrome
47
What systems does the thymus play a role in?
The endocrine, lymphatic and immune systems
48
What hormones does the thymus secrete and what does this do?
Thymopoetin, thymosin and thymulin and this stimulates the development of other lymphatic organs
49
What is the largest pure endocrine gland?
The thyroid gland
50
What connects the 2 parts of the thyroid gland?
Isthmus
51
Whaat are the thyroid hormones?
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (t3), called that because of the iodine atoms
52
What do the thyroid hormones do?
Increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion
53
What’s is the shape of the follicular cells?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
54
What does the thyroid follicle do?
Secretes T3 and T4 in response to TSH
55
What do C (parafollicular) cells do?
Secrete calcitonin which stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation, decreasing blood calcium levels
56
How many parathyroid glands are there usually?
4 embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
57
What does the parathyroid gland secrete?
The parathyroid hormone
58
How do the parathyroid glands increase blood calcium levels?
Promotion of synthesis of calcitriol Increases absorption of Ca Decreases Ca excretion Increases bone resorption
59
What nervous system is the adrenal medulla a part of?
The sympathetic nervous system
60
What does the adrenal medulla do?
Prepares the body for physical activity, increases alertness, anxiety or fear, BP, heart rate, airflow
61
What are the catecholamines?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
62
What surrounds the medulla and secretes hormones known as corticosteroids?
Adrenal cortex
63
What surrounds the medulla and secretes hormones known as corticosteroids?
Adrenal cortex
64
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa (outer) Zona fasciculata (middle) Zona reticularis (inner)
65
What kind of hormone is found in the zona glomerulosa?
Mineralococorticoids
66
What kind of hormone is found in the zona fasciculata?
Glucocorticoids
67
What kind of hormone is found in the zona reticularis?
Sex steroids like androgen and estrogen
68
What cell secretes glucagon?
Alpha cells
69
What cells secrete insulin, and what does this antagonize?
Beta, anatogonizing glucagon
70
What cells secrete somatostatin?
Delta cells
71
Whst is the difference between hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic hormones and give examples of each.
Hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose concentration eg. Glucagon, GH, cortisol and corticosterone Hypoglycemic hormones lower blood glucose eg insulin
72
Ovaries and testes are both ___ and _____.
Endocrine and exocrine
73
Examples of ovarian hormones
Estradiol, progesterone, inhibin
74
Examples of testicular hormones
Testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen and inhibin
75
What does the secretion of inhibin by the ovaries and the testes suppress?
FSH
76
What does the skin do in regards to the endocrine system?
Keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol (D3) using UV from the sun
77
What does the liver do in regards to the endocrine system?
Converts D3 (cholecalciferol) into calcidiol Secretes 15% of erthropoeietin
78
What does the kidney do in the endocrine system?
Produces 85% of erythropoietin and secretes renin
79
What part of the body converts calcidiol to calcitriol?
Kidney
80
What does the heart do for the endocrine system?
It releases the atrial natriuretic peptide with an increase in BP
81
What are 2 hormones the stomach secretes?
Gastrin and ghrelin
82
What are the 2 hormones the small intestine secretes?
Cholecystokinin and peptide YY
83
What does adipose tissue secrete?
Leptin, slowing appetite
84
What is secreted by osteoblasts?
Osteocalcin
85
What does placenta secrete?
Estrogen, progesterone and others
86
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
Steroid hormones, peptide hormones and mono amines
87
Monoamines and peptides are both _____.
Hydrophilic
88
Steroids and thyroid hormones are ______.
Hydrophobic
89
Where are most transport proteins in blood plasma made?
Liver
90
What are the the 3 hormone interactions?
Synergistic, permissive and antagonist
91
Describe synergistic effect in hormone interactions.
When hormones work together for greater affect than separate (FSH and testosterone on sperm production)
92
Describe permissive effect in hormone interactions.
This is when one hormone allows another hormone to have its full effect eg thyroid hormone hormone having permissive effect on epinephrine
93
Describe antagonistic effect in hormone interactions.
Opposes each other (Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it)
94
Where are most hormones taken up and degraded?
In the liver and kidney
95
What are chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells?
Paracrine secretions eg. Histamine, nitric oxide, somatostatin, catecholamines
96
What are some examples of anti-inflammatory drugs?
Aspirin, ibuprofen and Celecoxib
97
What are the causes of endocrine disorders?
Hypersecretion - Excessive hormone release (tumor or autoimmune disorder) Hyposecretion - Inadequate hormone release (tumor or lesion destroys gland)
98
What is acromegaly caused by and what kind of disorder?
Hyper secretion of growth hormone and is a pituitary disorder, thickening of cones and soft tissues in adults Also gigantism
99
What disease would occur with hyposecretion of growth hormone?
Pituitary dwarfism
100
What are some thyroid/parathyroid disorders?
Congenital hypothyroidism - Low Myxedema - Low Goiter (graves) -High Hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism
101
Explain some adrenal disorders
Cushing syndrome - Excess cortisol secretion Adrenogenital syndrome - Adrenal androgen hypersecretion
102
The most prevalent metabolic disease in the world is ____ and it is caused by.
Diabetes mellitus and caused by issues with metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
103
What percentage of cases of diabetes mellituis is type 1?
5 to 10%
104
What is always used to treat type 1?
Insulin
105
What percent of diabetics have type 2 and what is the problem?
Problem is insulin resistance - Failure of target cells to respond to insulin resistance
106
How can you treat type 2 diabetes?
Weight-loss program and exercise
107
How can you treat type 2 diabetes?
Weight-loss program and exercise

A & P 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions