NMDF121_Week8_FatSolubleVitamins

Question 1

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 1

With fats in micelles and chylomicrons

Question 2

Why are fat-soluble vitamins more toxic than water-soluble ones?

Answer 2

They can accumulate in body tissues

Question 3

What are the two dietary forms of Vitamin A?

Answer 3

Retinoids (animal) and Carotenoids (plant precursors)

Question 4

Main role of retinal in the eye?

Answer 4

Forms rhodopsin for vision in dim light

Question 5

Functions of retinoic acid?

Answer 5

Regulates gene transcription, maintains mucous membranes

Question 6

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms?

Answer 6

Night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, hyperkeratosis

Question 7

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms?

Answer 7

Liver dysfunction, poor bone density, teratogenic effects

Question 8

Primary antioxidant carotenoid?

Answer 8

Beta-carotene

Question 9

Main natural source of Vitamin D?

Answer 9

Sunlight exposure on skin

Question 10

What are the two forms of Vitamin D?

Answer 10

D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (ergocalciferol)

Question 11

What is the active form of Vitamin D?

Answer 11

Calcitriol

Question 12

Key functions of Vitamin D?

Answer 12

Calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, immune function, brain health

Question 13

Vitamin D deficiency in children?

Answer 13

Rickets

Question 14

Vitamin D deficiency in adults?

Answer 14

Osteomalacia and osteoporosis

Question 15

Vitamin D toxicity symptoms?

Answer 15

High blood calcium, soft tissue calcification

Question 16

Primary role of Vitamin E?

Answer 16

Fat-soluble antioxidant, protects cell membranes

Question 17

Food sources of Vitamin E?

Answer 17

Seeds, nuts, leafy greens, olives, liver, eggs

Question 18

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?

Answer 18

Oxidative damage, red blood cell haemolysis, nerve damage

Question 19

Vitamin E toxicity concerns?

Answer 19

Anticoagulant effects, risk of bleeding

Question 20

What form of Vitamin E is retained in the body?

Answer 20

Alpha-tocopherol

Question 21

Two main forms of Vitamin K?

Answer 21

K1 (plant) and K2 (animal, bacterial synthesis)

Question 22

Key function of Vitamin K?

Answer 22

Blood clotting and bone mineralization

Question 23

Vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

Answer 23

Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

Question 24

Effect of warfarin on Vitamin K?

Answer 24

Inhibits Vitamin K recycling, affects clotting

Question 25

Toxicity risk of natural Vitamin K?

Answer 25

Minimal/none at dietary levels

Question 26

How does Vitamin A support immunity?

Answer 26

Maintains epithelial integrity and supports mucous production

Question 27

How does Vitamin D regulate calcium?

Answer 27

Promotes intestinal absorption, reduces renal excretion, mobilizes bone calcium

Question 28

What increases Vitamin A needs?

Answer 28

Fat malabsorption, smoking, growth, pregnancy

Question 29

What medications affect Vitamin K metabolism?

Answer 29

Warfarin, antibiotics, NSAIDs, anti-seizure drugs

Question 30

Who is at risk for Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 30

Elderly, dark-skinned, low sun exposure, fat malabsorption disorders

Question 31

Which vitamin has highest toxicity risk?

Answer 31

Vitamin A

Question 32

Which fat-soluble vitamin acts as a hormone?

Answer 32

Vitamin D (Calcitriol)

Question 33

What antioxidant regenerates Vitamin C?

Answer 33

Vitamin E

Question 34

What nutrient competes with Vitamin K absorption?

Answer 34

Vitamin A at high doses

Question 35

Why do newborns need a Vitamin K shot?

Answer 35

Prevent hemorrhagic disease due to low gut bacteria at birth

Question 36

What happens to Vitamin A during cooking and storage?

Answer 36

It is unstable and easily oxidized, except beta-carotene

Question 37

Which vitamin regulates gene expression by acting on cell differentiation?

Answer 37

Vitamin A (Retinoic Acid)

Question 38

What triggers conversion of Vitamin D to calcitriol in the kidneys?

Answer 38

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 39

Which vitamin deficiency leads to hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

Answer 39

Vitamin K deficiency

Question 40

How does Vitamin E deficiency affect red blood cells?

Answer 40

Causes oxidative damage and haemolysis of erythrocytes